The purpose is to study the effectiveness of using the hierarchical cluster analysis for the formation of primary open-angle glaucoma phenotypes.Material and methods. Cluster analysis to process a standardized set of clinical and genetic parameters of 348 patients (696 eyes) aged 45 to 87 (mean 61.28±10.13) years with various stages of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). was used.Results. Based on the results of multivariate analysis, parameters were identified that play an important role in dividing thesample of patients with POAG into clinical phenotypes. In order to determine the possible phenotypes of patients, clustering was carried out according to the Ward method with the tree diagram formation and the definition of four clusters. Using the McQueen k-means method the structures of clusters (phenotypes) of POAG patients were obtained with a high percentage (96.8%) of the correctness of the initial observations grouping.Conclusions. 1. The high efficiency of hierarchical cluster analysis in the formation of POAG phenotypes has been shown.2. Based on the study of qualitative and quantitative anamnestic, clinical and functional, morphometric and genetic parameters of patients, four clinical phenotypes of primary open-angle glaucoma were formed.

The aim of the study was to assess risk factors, eating behavior in overweight individuals with biliary tract pathology.Material and methods. Based on the diagnostic standard according to laboratory and instrumental examinations, 140 patients aged 18-35 years with chronic non-calculous cholecystitis were selected, divided into groups. The first group consisted of persons with overweight - 64 people, the second group without excess weight - 76 people. The control group consisted of 49 people without biliary pathology and without excess weight.Results and discussion. Leading risk factors were identified (changes in sleep patterns, stress factor, physical inactivity, and others), the frequency of score fluctuations was from 12 to 4 (RR from 17 to 3.8). Restrictive eating behavior - in 55.2% of persons with unchanged weight, p=0.004; in 73.4% - in persons with overweight, p=0.0003. Emotional type of eating behavior with over-weight - 76.6%, p=0.000001; in persons with normal weight - in 50.0%, p=0.004. External type of eating behavior - in persons withoverweight, p=0.000002, in 85.9%, with normal weight - in 67.1%, p=0.08.Conclusions. This study showed that the assessment of risk factors, eating disorders in overweight individuals with biliary tract pathology will allow them to be taken into account when carrying out therapeutic and preventive measures.

Objective is the еvaluation of the information content of measuring the uterine artery pulsation index in 11-14 weeks of gestation as a predictor of preeclampsiaMaterial and methods. We conducted a retrospective comparative randomized study. We studied 588 pregnancy management charts, from which 34 charts of patients with severe forms of preeclampsia were identified, which made up I group of observation:Ia - patients with early preeclampsia - 10 people, Ib - patients with late preeclampsia - 24 people. Group II included 66 patientswhose pregnancies were not complicated by preeclampsia. All patients at the gestational age of 11-14 weeks underwent measurement of pulsation indices (PI) of both uterine arteries.Results. We did not find a statistically significant difference in PI of the uterine arteries in the study groups. The assessment wasmade in absolute values and multiples of the median (MoM) adjusted for gestational age.Conclusions. An isolated assessment of the uterine artery pulsation index is not a reliable predictor of preeclampsia.

Purpose is to study the model of reproductive behavior among people of early reproductive age studying at the universities of the city of Ufa, their knowledge, motivation and competence in order to get an idea of the relationship with socio-demographic factors, sexual knowledge and behavior. Material and methods. The article presents the results of a survey of 498 students of higher educational institutions of Ufa, girls -336 people (22,5%), boys - 112 people (77,5%), the average age of respondents was 19,5±3,38 years. Indicators such as the age of sexual initiation, the estimated age of birth, attitude and adherence to contraceptive methods were studied.Results and discussion. It was found that the average age of the onset of sexual activity was 17,6±1,6 years, but in every fourthit turned out to be less than the age that this person indicated as optimal. Methods of contraception are regularly used by only 50,3% of respondents, 8.3% - refuse it altogether. Barrier methods of contraception and interrupted sexual intercourse remain the most common. The preferred sources of information about reproductive planning methods are friends and the Internet.Conclusions. When studying the model of reproductive behavior of student youth, it was found that there are several alarming trends: the age of onset of sexual activity, which turned out to be less desirable, a relatively high frequency of cases of the absence of contraceptive methods at the first sexual intercourse, low adherence to highly effective methods of contraception, and most importantly, obtaining information about the methods of reproductive planning from incompetent sources.

Purpose is to determine the clinical and morphological features of the manifestation of chronic bacterial, radiation and BCG-induced cystitis.Material and methods. Patients with clinical manifestations of chronic recurrent cystitis of various etiologies who underwent abiopsy of the bladder wall have been included in the study. Results and discussion. Morphological features of the bladder mucosa correlating with clinical manifestations of inflammation and its etiology were determined.Conclusions. The features of the clinical manifestations of recurrent cystitis depend on the etiological factor, the duration of inflammation and the depth of mucosal lesion.

Purpose is to determine the diameter of the various sections of the facial canal, taking into account the cranial index and sexdifferences on tomograms of the human skull.Material and methods. The material for the study was 133 tomograms. The studies were performed in sagittal, axial and coronal projections with the identification of the facial canal. All skulls were divided into brachiocrans, dolichocranes and mesocranes according to the cranial index. In all groups, male and female skulls were identified. All digital data were recorded and subjected to statistical processing by variational and dispersion methods using the IBM Statistics SPSS-26 program.Results and discussion. Thus, in male brachiocranes, both on the right and on the left, the diameter of the inlet is somewhat larger compared to the outlet, the stylomastoid foramen. These indicators are the smallest in men with a mesocranial type of skull. In women, these indicators are somewhat less pronounced than in men and do not have a significant difference in turtles of different shapes. However, it can be seen that the narrower part is the labyrinth segment.Conclusions. Analysis of the results showed that the diameter of the facial canal has a larger diameter in the inlet, the smallest size in the region of the labyrinth segment. In men, the canal is slightly wider in diameter than in women. Differences in diameter in all studied areas of the facial canal in skulls with different cranial indices, as well as on the left and right, were not observed.

Objective is to identify the dominant types of somatotypes in Omsk girls with the value of the Quetelet II index corresponding to normal body weight, in order to expand the understanding of the regional features of the anthropometric data of representatives of adolescence.Material and methods. An anthropometric examination of 56 somatically healthy girls of Omsk, a Slavic ethnic group, with a normal body mass index value was conducted. The somatotype was evaluated using the Rees-Eisenck index and the Solovyov index. Statistical processing was carried out in the Microsoft Excel 2019 program.Results. The examined girls had a body height of 165 cm (162; 169.62), body weight - 56.15 kg (53; 60.7), the transverse diameter of the chest - 25.5 cm (24.82; 26.15), wrist circumference - 15 cm (14.5; 15.52). According to the Rees-Eisenck index, asthenic girls prevailed - 59%, according to the Solovyov index - 50% normosthenics. Body height (r = 0.41) has a direct, moderate relationship with the index and the Solovyov index; the transverse diameter of the chest (r = -0.73) correlated with the Rees-Eisenck index and had no connection with the Solovyov index (p>0.05). At the same time, the Solovyov index had a relationship (r = 0.56) with body weight, and no such relationship was established with the Rees-Eisenck index (p>0.05).Conclusions. According to the Rice-Eysenck index, the asthenic somatotype dominates in Omsk girls with normal body weight, which is comparable to the Solovyov index. Correlation analysis revealed the relationship of indices with body height and showed the features of their relationship with the body mass index.

The article is devoted to the development of a technique for the quantitative determination of flavonoids in the herb of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino by the spectrophotometric method in terms of rutin. The raw materials of the Gynostemma pentaphyllum were harvested at experimental sites for several years.Preliminary spectral studies of water-alcohol extracts from the herb Gynostemma pentaphyllum on 70% ethyl alcohol showed absorption maxima close to the absorption maxima of rutin. Therefore, in the quantitative analysis of flavonoids in the gynostemma, the conversion was carried out to rutin.When developing the technique, the main extraction conditions were selected: the type of extractant, the ratio of the mass of the raw material and the volume of the extractant, the degree of grinding of the raw material, the multiplicity and time of extraction. The conditions of the analysis were also investigated: the volume of aluminum chloride alcohol solution, reaction time and stability of the complex.According to the results obtained, the content of flavonoids in the studied raw materials was 3.76 ± 0.04%. It is proposed to include in the regulatory document for Gynostemma pentaphyllum raw materials the developed methodology with a quality indicator - the content of the sum of flavonoids is not less than 2%.

Intestinal metaplasia of the bladder is a rare benign disease of the bladder, according to the nature of clinical manifestations and the results of radiation and endoscopic methods of examination, the disease requires differential diagnosis with glandular cystitis and tumors of the bladder. Transurethral resection of the bladder is the main method of treatment. The article presents two clinical cases of intestinal metaplasia disease in patients 54 and 57 years old, examined for suspected bladder tumor, who underwent transurethral resection of the bladder, followed by histological and immunohistochemical studies. The presented clinical observations emphasize an unusual macroscopic picture during transurethral resection in the form of an abundant discharge of mucosal-like contents from the areas of the bladder affected by intestinal metaplasia.

The article describes a successful case of surgical treatment of a ruptured aneurysm of the aorta and left iliac artery with many postoperative complications in a multidisciplinary hospital. The patient returned to work, the patency of the imposed shunt is con- firmed by the results of the control ultrasound examination performed 6 months after discharge from the hospital.

This article presents a review of the scientific literature, its own data, which reflect a general idea of the lymphatic system, the structure of the thoracic lymphatic duct and lymphovenous anastomosis, characterizing the clinical and anatomical features of functioning, the role of the LAN in the regulation of lymph flow and the separation of two systems (circulatory and lymphatic). The presented article expands the understanding of the anatomical, morphological and functional characteristics of the left central lymphovenous anastomosis and thoracic lymphatic duct. Morphofunctional characteristics of the structure of this anastomosis can be used to deepen the understanding of the logistics of lymph and the development of the tumor process.The described morphofunctional characteristics of the structure of the left central lymphovenous anastomosis are both fundamental and applied. The presented results can be used in conducting scientific research in the field of oncology, anatomy, surgery, histology, infectology, cardiology, immunotherapy, etc.

Objective is to analyze the features of the influence of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) on the cardiovascular system and kidneys (in their relationship) based on the materials of domestic and foreign literature.Material and methods. The study of available literature data was carried out, clinical, laboratory and functional characteristicsof damage to the cardiovascular system and kidneys in patients with coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 were determined.Summary. The severe course of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) can contribute to damage to the cardiovascular system, including the development of pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, pericarditis; cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) have been described. Attempts have been made to stratify the risk of cardiovascular complications caused by COVID-19; however, there is some inconsistency in the literature regarding the possibility of using cardiac troponins, creatine phosphokinase, and the N-terminal fragment of the pro-B-type natriuretic peptide as predictors of their development. Further study of such biomarkers as D-dimer, anticardiac antibodies, homocysteine, cystatin C, lipocalin 2, etc. in order to assess their role in predicting cardiovascular complications and AKI is an important and promising direction in therapy, cardiology and nephrology.In addition, most authors do not consider the identified disorders from the point of view of the functional proximity of the circulatory system and the kidneys. In this regard, it seems relevant to conduct a comprehensive study in order to form a holistic view of the pathogenesis and clinical picture of COVID-induced cardiorenal syndrome.

Avascular structures of the eye such as a cornea, a lens, a fovea region, trabecular meshwork, and sclera are dependent from the compound of intraocular fluid and significantly change their structure in glaucoma. An impairment of glymphatic intraocular fluid flow is one of the main element of glaucoma pathogenesis. In glaucoma the disturbance in water-metabolic exchange in the retinal pigment epithelium leads to sweeping of the interstitial fluid rich with oxygen and newly expressed proteins. This fluid changes the compound of the extracellular matrix of neurosensory retina and initiate an inflammation, and also leads to vessels constriction, capillaries obliteration which eventually result in death of the ganglion cells and neuroglia. Changed biochemical reactions in eye tissues result in elevated level of glutamate, matrix metalloproteinases, inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress reactions that eventually leads to alteration of the structure of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. This results in certain gene expression with accumulation of an extracellular matrix proteins, and activation of astrocytes in the prelaminar part of the optic disc. The Muller cells play a crucial role in interstitial fluid flow between the vitreous body and the retina. Further research work in interstitial fluid flow for confirming membrane-glymphatic theory is needed with the development of new etiopathogenic pathways of glaucoma treatment.