In connection with late detection and registration of infections associated with health care, with the aim of studying the regularities of the emergence and spread of nosocomial infections, the retrospective epidemiological study of the morbidity recorded in women had been conducted in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Epidemiological analysis had been carried out using the forms of Federal statistical observation №2 of the Federal service for supervision of consumer rights protection and human welfare,«Information on infectious and parasitic diseases». On the basis of the materials epidemiological characteristics of perennial and annual dynamics was provided on the incidence of infections associated with postpartum health care, for the period from 2002 to 2015. Opposite trends in the incidence of nosocomial infections of various nosological forms have been revealed with negative and posi-tive rate of growth. Our studies indicate the need for development of measures for epidemiological monitoring to reduce the inci-dence of infections associated with health car in obstetric health care organizations.

Improvement of medical and diagnostic help is an urgent task that is bound to trends of evidential medicine and introduction of standards of patient management. By means of analysis of federal forms of statistical monitoring we studied the features of the organization of clinical diagnostic laboratories of the medical organizations giving help in out-patient conditions. The analysis of data has been carried out and features of formation of personnel resources of laboratory service have been revealed. It has been established that it is necessary to reconsider the operating standard and legal base regulating distribution of staffing posts, functions and a personnel load taking into account the used new medical equipment, automation of diagnostic process, working conditions of personnel, volume of the performed work and the nomenclature of researches. The actions aimed at improvement of laboratory service have to be held in a complex frame “staff-technologies-resources” without loss of medical expediency of diagnostic tests and the patient - focused orientation.

Currently, radial approach is a priority during coronary interventions. Today, the radial approach is a topical for peripheral interventions on the carotid. The aim of the study was to evaluate the economic significance for hospital use of radial approach in the endovascular treatment of patients with stenotic lesions of the carotid arteries.The study enrolled 91 patients. Group 1 (control) included 46 patients being operated by femoral approach. Group 2 (comparative) - included 45 patients after the surgery using radial approach. The study revealed a significant reduction in hospitalization time in the quantitative analysis of patient days (p<0,05). Cost-effectiveness is estimated by «cost-minimization analysis». It was established that financial savings made 16,400 rubles in every case of transradial approach.

This article describes a tendency for developing drug addiction among teenagers in Russia. The authors of the article conducted social and psychodiagnostic questionnaire among 7897 students aged 13-18 years old living in the Republic of Bashkortostan. An objective of the questionnaire was to reveal factors which might contribute to development of addictive behavior. This work demonstrated that successful family involvement is one of the key preventive measures against drug addiction. It was established that family membership is of great role in prevention of drug addiction. Children, that live and are brought up in a two-parent family, significantly more rarely consume psychoactive drugs. A negative moment is living with foster parents. Apart from family membership, great attention must be paid to in-family atmosphere.

It is known that in industrial city the priority pollutants are formaldehyde, lead, nitrogen dioxide contained in the atmospheric and lead, nickel, manganese and chromium in water and soil, which are likely to contribute to the phenotypic manifestations of genetically determined diseases. In the context of the effects of these pollutants, in individuals with polymorphic markers rs1024161 CTLA4 gene, rs694739 PRDX5 gene, rs1701704 IKZF4 gene, rs10760706 STX17 gene phenotypic realization of genetic polymorphism with alopecia areata (AA) development occurs. The largest contribution to the association with the phenotype of GA is shown by genotype G/G rs10760706 STX17 gene genotype A/A rs1024161 CTLA4 gene, according to the major allele homozygote A rs694739 gene PRDX5, genotype G/A and G/G rs1701704 IKZF4 gene. These polymorphic markers may be regarded as biomarkers of sensitivity to anthropogenic influences in people genetically predisposed to AA. To prove gene-environment interaction there is a need for further investigation using math modelling methods.

Inflammatory diseases of female genital organs hold one of the leading positions in the structure of gynecological pathology. Chronic recurrent endometritis are prevalent in females of reproductive age.The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of immunomodulatory and reparative drug Derinat® in the complex treatment of chronic recurrent endometritis in women of reproductive age.The obtained data suggest the effectiveness of therapy with immunomodulatory and reparative drug Derinat® (intramuscularsolution 15 mg/ml) which promotes longer positive effect of therapy, indicating a significant pharmacological potential and proves the possibility of its use in the treatment of chronic endometritis.

According to the national clinical guidelines of the Russian Society of Surgeons ultrasound examination of the gallbladder is the one of the most important methods for diagnostic of acute cholecystitis. Sonographic signs of the disease, as an increase in bladder sizes, changes of wall structure and wall thickness, Doppler signs of wall hypervascularization, are well known.The aim of the study was to find new ultrasound color and power Doppler signs of acute cholecystitis. The analysis of 144 USprocedures showed the greatest importance of increasing of systolic maximum velocity (Vmax) flow in cystic artery branches into the gallbladder wall, regardless of in which of the 4 segments the vessel was visualized. The peak systolic velocity (Vmax) increase by 80% compared with the norm in patients with vessels visualized only in I and/or II gallbladder segments has a positive predictive value of 95% for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Our analysis showed no intersegmental differences in Vmax, that allows us to measure these parameters in one of segments, but not in each of them. PG pressure gradient had the highest values in segment II and the lowest values in segment IV (the fundus of gallbladder). Our results are presented for the first time and have a goal in clarifying the Color and Power Doppler ultrasound procedure of the gallbladder and the estimation of blood flow parameters in acute cholecystitis.

The aim of the study was to develop differential criteria based on regional hemodynamic changes via Color Doppler and Power Doppler scanning in case of chronic calculous cholecystitis, chronic acalculous cholecystitis and conditions of the gallbladder with no signs of a chronic inflammatory process in the wall. The results indicate low values of peak systolic flow velocity in the gallbladder wall by reason of increased rigidity of arterial walls and intravascular pressure in patients with chronic calculous cholecystitis, in contrary to acalculous cholecystitis and other non-inflammatory changes of the organ. The use of the complex of Doppler indicators of hemodynamic disturbances in gallbladder wall allows us to differentiate a degree of organ fibrosis in chronic inflammatory processes. Also in cases of cholecystolithiasis this approach makes possible to differentiate stones “carriage” without requiring cholecystectomy (according to the Rome selection criteria for surgery in patients with cholelithiasis), and chronic calculous cholecystitis with significant indications for cholecystectomy.

Comparative analysis of surgical treatment of two groups of patients with extensive defects of soft tissues of the first ray of the hand was conducted. Patients of Group I (n =36) were operated on using blood supplied skin flaps. Skin flaps without blood supply were used for control Group II (n=32). The inclusion criteria consisted of gender and age of patients; absence of concomitant diseases; the mechanism and duration of injury, the size and localization of defects. Long-term follow-up studies were performed over the period of one year to fifteen years. When evaluating the outcomes of surgical treatment, the following data were taken into account: engraftment of the autograft, its plastic properties, elimination of deformations and contractures, quality of the scar, the restoration terms and degree of functional stereotypes of all kinds of sensitivity and blood supply to the finger. Excellent and good results were obtained in 28 (77.8 %) patients of Group I and in 10 (31,3%) patients of the control group, fair results - in 8 (22,2%) patients of Group I and 13 (40,6%) controls, poor - in 9 (28,1%) patients of the control group alone.

The aim of the study was the comparison of methods of anesthesia during transrectal prostate biopsy. The study included 150 patients chosen for prostate biopsy procedure. Anesthesia was performed by one of three methods: intrarectal introduction of a gel anesthetic (group I), periprostatic blockade (group II) and the blockade of the pelvic plexus (group III). Each patient was assessed for pain by visual analogue scale (VAS). All complications after the biopsy were registered.The median rating of pain at VAS was significantly lower in groups II and III compared to group I (p < 0.05). Indicators in groups II and III were almost identical. The frequency of cancer detection was higher in groups II and III, accounting for 44% and 42%, respectively. This is significantly higher than the cancer detection rate in group I (22%; p < 0,05).Thus, сonduction methods of anesthesia for prostate biopsy was more effective than topical application of lidocaine-containing gel. Periprostatic blockade did not differ in effectiveness from the blockade of the pelvic plexus.

In this paper the effect of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, p-tert-butylphenol, naphthalene, γ-naphthalenesulfonic on viability of HEK293 cells (human embryonic kidney cells) and human T-lymphocytes has been studied. Evaluation of action of these compounds on the immune function of human cells can be useful in terms of expansion of representations about potential immunotropic properties of above mentioned xenobiotics. The HEK293 cell line and mononuclears of human peripheral blood were incubated with tested substances (naphthalene, p-tretbutilfenol, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and γ-naphthalenesulfonic acid) for 48 hours, then subjected to a differential cell count using trypan blue in Goryaev’s chamber. All the tested compounds showed no cytotoxicity in a concentration range of 1 - 100 mkM in HEK293 cells. Moreover, the ability of compounds to insignificantly inhibit the survival of mitogen-stimulated T-cells was demonstrated and more prominent effect was observed for 2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid.

Modeling chronic intoxication with elements of ore in experimental animals leads to accumulation in the bones of some heavy metals (copper, zinc, strontium, iron, manganese, cadmium, lead, mercury), increased bone resorption, changes of oxidantantioxidant balance with the prevalence of oxidative processes. However, pathogenetic and pathochemical mechanisms of action of these elements on bone remain unclear and require further study.The purpose of the study was to assess the level of the main components of the non-enzymatic link of the antioxidant system in the bone tissue under prolonged intake of the components of copper-zinc pyritic ore.Chronic intoxication of sexually mature white rats with components of copper-zinc pyritic ore by intraventricular injection of crushed ore powder suspension in 2% solution of starch led to decrease in the bone tissue of α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, glutathionerestored, free thiol groups, reaching statistical significance by the end of the third month. The paper discusses the pathochemical mechanisms of development of osteopenic syndrome under action of elements of ores of nonferrous metals.

Today 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are drugs of choice to decrease cholesterol level. At the same time, application of statins is associated with the development of a specific side-effect - statin-associated myopathy, characterized by muscular pain appearance. The purpose of the research is to analyze activity of enzymes of antioxidant protection in the muscles of rats under long-term simvastatin administration. The activity of superoxidedismutase, catalase, glutathioneperoxidase, glutathionereductase and the concentration of reduced glutathione were determined in muscle tissue of outbred rats. It was found, that myotoxicity under long-term administration of simvastatin is developed due to disintegration of the antioxidant enzymatic processes that underlies the oxidative damage of myocytes. This information can be used to develop schemes of metabolic correction and prevention of destruction of muscle fibers during high-dose statin therapy.

This paper presents comparative characteristic of the effectof thermolabial enterotoxin Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp., E.coli, Proteus spp. and their co-cultivated variations Enterobacter spp.+Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp.+Serratia spp., Citrobacter spp.+Serratia spp, Enterobacter spp.+Е.coli, Citrobacter spp.+Е.coli, Serratia spp.+Е.coli, Proteus spp.+Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp.+Citrobacter spp., Proteus spp.+Serratia spp., Proteus spp.+Е.coli on the intracellular oxygen dependent metabolism of peritoneal macrophages in mice. Production of active oxygen species by macrophages during the respiratory «explosion» is one of stages of phagocytosis that is necessary for the development of non-specific immunity. One of the ways of studying the respiratory «explosion» in vitro is the reaction of restoration of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT - test) by macrophages. This test allows us to assess the level of antigen irritability of peritoneal macrophages in mice that characterizes the activation level of intracellular antibacterial systems.Experiments were carried out on 100 white male mice of CBA line in the control group and 100 mice in each experimentalgroup. The assessment of all indicators in the test was made after 12, 36, 72 hours following the inoculations of monocultures and co - cultivated variations.It has been found out that a more marked ability for restoration of nitroblue tetrazolium is observed in peritoneal macrophagesin mice infected by co - cultivated variations compared to their inoculation by monocultures.

To study the integrity of corneal epithelium in case of injuries and damages of the cornea solution of fluorescein and less frequently rose Bengal are traditionally used. However, these drugs are not always available for the specialists. Therefore, to identify defects of the corneal epithelium collargol or Riboflavin as dyes were started to be used. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of applying a solution of Riboflavin with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose to diagnose damage to the corneal epithelium. The experiment studied a designed eye care product containing a 1% solution of Riboflavin mononucleotide with 1% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), compared with a 1% solution of fluorescein (control) and 1% solution of Riboflavin mononucleotide and 20% dextran.The study revealed a high coloring ability of the polymer-containing solutions of Riboflavin with dextran and HPMC in comparison with an aqueous fluorescein, which is associated with the formation of the stable film on the surface of the cornea. Comparative study of medications with Riboflavin / dextran and Riboflavin / HPMC showed greater effectiveness of the latter due to stable precorneal coloring film because of the viscosity of the solution and the optimal concentration of Riboflavin mononucleotide in the layers of the anterior stroma. However, there was no dehydrogenating effect of the cornea due to the dehydrating action of a solution of Riboflavin with dextran. Thus, the use of eye care products that contain 1% of Riboflavin mononucleotide and 1% HPMC provides effective and long-lasting biomicroscopy for damaged areas of the corneal epithelium.

The article presents information on the effect of precorneal film of Riboflavin on the degree of UV absorption of the cornea in the process of performing UV cross-linking experiment. Model of UV crosslinking (370 nm, 3 mW/cm2) was reproduced on porcine corneas with the use of drugs of 0.1% Riboflavin for saturation: in the 1st group, the isosmotic solution, 2nd - 20% dextran, 3- rd - 1.0% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Variation in the readings of the UV absorption of the system «cornea - Riboflavin - precorneal film and cornea - Riboflavin» was registered by the device «UV tester». It is established that the cornea, treated with isosmotic solution of Riboflavin or a solution of Riboflavin with HPMC had the most pronounced UV-absorbing effect due to the active penetration of the photosensitizer into the stroma. Herewith, viscous solutions, having in its composition HPMC or dextran, implemented its protective effect by sustainable precorneal riboflavin film. The decrease in corneal thickness due to the dehydrating action of dextran contributed to the decline of light-absorbing properties of the cornea, which was offset by stable film formed by Riboflavin and dextran. Isosmotic solution of Riboflavin forms an unstable surface layer of the photosensitizer that require more frequent instillation.

Radical cystectomy is currently the gold standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, however this surgical treatment is accompanied by a significant number of early postoperative complications.We analyzed the results of surgical treatment of 105 patients with verified urinary bladder cancer stage T2-4N0-2M0-x, de-manding cystectomy and different types of urine derivation. Heterotopic bladder plastic using the method of M. I. Vasilchenko et al. was performed in 35 patients (33.3%), heterotopic small bowel plastic of neobladder was performed in 35 (33.3%) of patients, Bricker ileal conduit - in 35 (33,3%) patients. In all cases, with the aim of creating intestinal neobladder (tank) the terminal ileum was used. Analysis of the frequency of complications and mortality was defined according to the classification of surgical complications by Claiven et al. (1992).In the early postoperative period the following complications were noted: a dynamic intestinal obstruction and prolonged ileus,the formation of lymphocele, uretero-intestinal anastomotic leakage, inter-intestinal anastomotic leakage, urinary peritonitis, exacerbation of chronic pyelonephritis. Timely application of operative and conservative methods of treatment allowed in full to eliminate complications.

The article presents the analysis of the dynamics of injury rate indicators among the adult population of Ordzhonikidzevsky and Kalininsky areas of Ufa according to data obtained from injury care center of the Polyclinic № 32 for 2010 - 2014. As a source of information data from reporting form № 57 «Data on injuries, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes» was used. Reporting documents for 2010-2014 were copied for information about the injuries of men and women with regard to their type and localization. The rate of injuries per 100 thousand of the adult population and the structure of injury rate were calculated. It was revealed that the dynamics of the injury indicators over the period has a wavelike nature with periods of growth and decline. The level of injuries among the male population exceeded the injury rate among female population during the entire study period. There is a tendency to increase of sports injuries and reduction of transport ones.

Medical histories of 327 persons were analyzed, for those that were injured in road traffic accidents between 2012 and 2014, in the city of Severodvinsk, in the Arkhangelsk region. The analysis was performed using data provided by the statistical program SPSS 22. It was estimated that 25% of all car-accident injuries were alcohol related, with a significant predominance of men versus women and a tendency for younger individuals to be under the influence of alcohol. The study also revealed that about half of all motorcyclists were also under the influence of alcohol. Additionally, the associated injuries for intoxicated individuals are of greater severity, resulting in an average injury severity scoring being significantly higher than those of sober individuals.

Currently, there is a large number of publications describing the experimental study of pathological changes in the body of laboratory animals under the influence of alcohol intoxication usually of severe state up to coma. Herewith, there are not many studies describing medium and mild intoxication. The aim of the study was experimental modeling of alcohol intoxication of varying severity on laboratory rats. To perform intoxication of various severity the control group three test groups of rats were formed. The status of all the animals was evaluated by a score system to assess intoxication using open field test. Gas chromatography was applied to determine the amount of alcohol in blood. Based on these data we managed to allocate mild, moderate and severe alcohol intoxication in laboratory rats.

In the article the problem of prophylaxis of infectious postoperative wound complications is considered and the main data of domestic references (the Russian authors and other scientists of the former Soviet Union) on the matter for the last decades are provided. Characteristic of the known and highly specialized ways is given, possibilities of a number of techniques, techniques based on influence of a number of physical factors and pharmacological tools are analysed. Advantages and disadvantages of particular methods, achieved success in prophylaxis of purulent - septic wound complications and the reason of failures are shown. The most significant directions of this section of surgery in historical aspect and the modern opinions of researchers are described. Recent trends of the solution of this problem and need of a multifold, comprehensive approach are specified. The study described technical and tactical aspects of realization of a complex of actions directed to decrease the frequency of development of purulent - inflammatory complications in postoperative wounds. Analysis of literary data allowed to determine the ways to solve a number of problems in prophylaxis of complications of purulent - inflammatory complications in postoperative wounds. Need for stage-by-stage introduction of a number of methods in daily surgical practice is shown.

Perinatal asphyxia is one of the leading reasons of neonatal incidence and mortality, often being followed by the acute renal damage (ARD). So, early and precise assessment of nervous system and other organs damage severity in case of intranatal hypoxia is of particular value. Classical methods of asphyxia and ARD diagnosis have no adequate diagnostic accuracy and a predictive significance in the neonatal period, therefore the possibility of use of kidney injury biochemical markers is actively studied. NGAL is a protein concentration of which considerably increases both in urine, and in blood during the first hours after ARD development, providing a chance for quick diagnosis and administration of necessary therapy. Also, according to the up-to-date, there is a high prognostic potential for development of hypoxic-ischemic injuries of brain. Thus, available data allows to define NGAL as a perspective biochemical marker demanding further studying.

This review presents the features of immune cytokine interaction against ixodic tick-born borreliosis. Cytokine cascade selfregulation imbalance in case of this infection triggers local and systemic immune-inflammatory reaction. This determines clinical variations, severity degree and outcome. Literature data prove, that in case of erythemic form of infection immune response of Th2-type prevails, eliminating the causative agent, whereas non-erythemic form is characterized by combined Th1/Th2 immune response with the subsequent switch into Th2-type. In case of chronic ixodic tick-born borreliosis cytokine status is characterized by suppression of IL-4 synthesis and intense IL-8 production, indicating prolonged inflammatory process. It is necessary to specify the importance of immune cytokine interaction, including the study of new inflammatory mediators in pathogenesis and in predicting severity degree and the course of the disease.