The purpose of the study was to obtain the anatomical parameters of the heart and its main arteries in young men and women of the mesomorphic body type according to echocardiography.Material and methods. The analysis of the protocols of ultrasound examination of the heart of 103 healthy persons (47 men and56 women aged 17 to 20) of the mesomorphic body type with a body mass index of 18.5-24.99 kg/m² was carried out. They have no pulmonary and cardiac pathology and risks of cardiovascular diseases. Echocardiography was performed using a scanner Aloka ProSound Alpha 6.Results. The average values of some heart parameters in men are greater than in women: the upper-lower size of the left atrium is 4,1 mm higher, the antero-posterior size of the right atrium is 2,3 mm higher, the thickness of the left ventricle is 0,9 mm higher, the thickness of the right ventricle is 0,4 mm higher, the volume of the left atrium in is 6,1 ml higher, the volume of the left ventricle is 20,8 ml higher.Conclusion. The obtained results supplement the data on the sizes of the atria, ventricles, interventricular septum, the main arteries of the heart in conditionally healthy young men and women of the mesomorphic body type. These results may be a base for determination of separate regularities of age anatomy, can have practical significance as norm benchmarking and will be useful fordoctors of functional diagnostics during heart ultrasound.

The article is devoted to the severe pathology of cardiovascular system: abdominal aortic aneurysm (ABA). The severity of this disease is asymptomatic, which significantly increases the amount of lethal outcomes. The data of domestic and foreign literature indicate constant increase in incidence of ABA in population over the past decades, indicating the study relevance. The basis of our research was the data of clinical examination and treatment of 175 patients admitted at Clinic of Bashkir State Medical University for the period from 2007 to 2018 with a diagnosis of ABA, of which 118 (67%) patients underwent surgical treatment. On the basis of medical histories, a retrospective analysis of potential predictors of this pathology was carried out: age, history, sex, comorbidity, type of surgical treatment. Surgical treatment of ABA was carried out in two ways: open (resection of aneurysm with aortic prosthesis) and endovascular (transcatheter prosthetics of the abdominal aorta with a stent graft). In our study, there were no data on intraoperative and hospital complications, but there was a significant burden of comorbid pathology in patients prepared for endovascular intervention. The results obtained by us correspond to the data described in the modern world literature, and can also allow us to formulate a rational approach to the choice of indications and surgical treatment methods.

One of the main causes of death in patients with prosthetic infectious endocarditis is multiple organ dysfunction. This article studied the SOFA scale as a criterion for assessing the severity of the pathological process in patients with infectious endocarditis.Purpose. To assess the severity of multiple organ failure and the prognosis of death after surgery in patients with infectious prosthetic endocarditisMaterials and methods. We retrospectively analyzed case histories of all patients with prosthetic endocarditis, the integral indicator on the SOFA scale was calculated and the causes of death of patients in the period of up to 1 year after surgery were identified.Results. All patients with prosthetic endocarditis also had some organ dysfunction that was accompanied by a SOFA scale de-gree of 6,7±0,46. Patients, who died on the first day after their surgery, were observed to have maximum SOFA scores. This fact gives us the clear correlation with the efficiency of the SOFA scale implementation. The SOFA integrated scale helps to assess the severity of multiple organ failure and predict the outcome of surgical treatment for this category of cardiac surgery patients.

Purpose: to analyze specialized inpatient ophthalmologic care for children of the Tambov region for the period of 2014-2018 by the data of «Tambov Ophthalmological Clinical Hospital».Material and Methods: Тhe Tambov region is a subject of the Russian Federation. The number of children (0-17 years) in theTambov region in 2018 was 173662 people, in 2014 - 170300 people. [1].The Tambov Ophthalmologic Clinical Hospital has 12 ophthalmologic beds for children of a 24-hour hospital and 10 ophthalmologic beds for children of a day hospital.Results: The study analyzed the results of treatment of 4271 children aged 0-17 years for the period of 2014-2018. Bed fund ofchildren's ophthalmologic service for the period 2014-2018 has undergone significant changes in connection with the development of hospital-replacing technologies . The composition of the treated nosology in the hospital corresponds to the data on the most common pathology of the organ of vision in childhood.Conclusion: The development of a pediatric ophthalmological service is an important public health task. The analysis of the structure of injuries of the organ of vision treated in a hospital, the structure of surgical interventions was carried out.

Objective: to characterize changes of STAT - signaling system in patients with obesity.Material and methods: The study included 92 patients, of which 24 patients with metabolic syndrome but no diabetes mellitus had progressive forms of obesity I - III degree. The serum concentration of STAT1, STAT 3, STAT 6 proteins in patients was measured by ELISA method.Results: The level of STAT proteins in blood serum in obese patients was: STAT1 - 0.37 [0.25; 0.48] ng / ml, STAT3 - 0.19[0.15; 0.45] ng / ml, STAT6 - 0.16 [0.14; 0.2] ng / ml, which is lower than in healthy individuals, p <0.05. Moreover, in some patients, an increase in the concentration of proteins was registered, which, according to the literature, coincides with a predisposition to Candida, type 1 diabetes, liver disease, allergic reactions, and other diseases.Conclusions: decrease of STAT protein level was found in patients with obesity (STAT1, STAT3, STAT6). Further studies of signal transmission in the JAK / STAT system in adipose tissue may be promising for the diagnosis and new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of obesity, diabetes, liver disease and other diseases.

Malignant tumors of the vulva are quite rare. In the Russian Federation in 2018, a total of 2068 patients with malignant neoplasms of the vulva were identified, the peak incidence rate is 75-79 years. The specific gravity was 0.61%. Squamous invasive vulvar cancer accounts for more than 90% of all malignant neoplasms of the female external genital organs. Less than 10% of all malignant tumors of the external genitalia in women are accounted for by such nosologies as melanoma, sarcoma, cancer from Merkel cells, and Bartholin cancer.The aim of the study was to analyze rare vulvar tumors based on the materials of the Republican Clinical Oncology Center of the Republic of Bashkortostan.On the basis of the VIII surgical department of the Republican Clinical Oncology Center of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 5 years (2015 - 2019), 192 patients with malignant tumors of the female external genital organs receivedsurgical treatment. According to our data, 15 patients with vulvar cancer have 1 patient with a rare tumor.All patients underwent surgical, combined or complex treatment in the Republican Clinical Oncology Center. The survival rate of this group of patients depends on the type of tumor, its prevalence and adequate surgical and chemoradiotherapy.

Ultrasound with contrast amplification (contrast echography) using sulfur hexafluoride (sulphur hexafluoride) by CEUS is an intensively developing method of medical imaging. The similarity of the echographic picture of follicular tumors, nodular form of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, even against the background of contrast enhancement with malignant lesions, makes it difficult to diagnose. Such dubious cases need to be verified. The search for specific criteria for markers in the diagnosis of early forms of thyroid cancer allows to make a timely diagnosis, optimally select the area of interest for sampling, differentiate doubtful cases, and adopt reasonable treatment tactics. Detection of low-speed blood flow (microcirculation) in nodular formations of carcinoma, allows us to understand the angiogenesis of the tumor in more detail.The purpose of the study is to find specific criteria for markers in the diagnosis of early forms of thyroid cancer, to improve the effectiveness in the diagnosis of doubtful cases.Material and methods. The analysis of characteristic ultrasound signs against the background of sulfur hexafluoride (sulphurhexafluoride) by CEUS in 400 patients was performed. The group included patients with single nodular formations corresponding to the T1 C73 stage. In women, T1-sized formations accounted for 379 patients, and in men, T1-sized formations accounted for 21 patients. The average amount of formations with stage T1a in women amounted to 0,05 cm3 (CC), men - a 0.05 cm3; and stage T1b in women was 0.32 per CC in men and 0.8 CC. Among the studied patients, 379 (94.75%) were women and 21 (5.25%) - men. The mean age was 60 years.Results. Sensitivity = 99,1%, specificity = 100%, diagnostic accuracy of the method = 99,5%.Conclusions. The conducted studies clearly show not only differences in the contrast pattern of benign and malignant formations, but also the presence of a characteristic contrast defect for malignant formations in the form of an avascular zone in the arterial phase.

The aim of the reseach was to study the effectiveness of treatment of periodontal diseases with Methylethylpiridinol.Material and methods. The study involved 51 patients with periodontal tissue diseases at the age of 26 to 80 years old (average48.4±1.04 years old). 72% of women and 28% of men participated. The main group (Methylethylpiridinol was administered by electrophoresis) included 21 patients, 78% of them were women and 22% men. The comparison group included 30 patients who under-went a traditional set of measures without the use of Methylethylpiridinol, of whom 66% were women and 34 % were men.Results. During the study, it was proved that the drug Methylethylpiridinol 1% solution for injection in patients with periodontal tissue diseases has, when administered by electrophoresis, high efficiency, safety and tolerability.Conclusion. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of Methylethylpiridinol by electrophoresis in periodontal diseasesshowed a significant positive effect in the treatment of this disease.

The aim of research was to estimate the level of pro-inflammation cytokines and clinical symptoms among patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in comparative aspects among children and adults depending on period and severity of diseases.The research was conducted among patients with HFRS of middle and heavy severities (67 children and 92 adults).The research of the level of cytokines (TNFб and INF-г) and clinical symptoms was made during different period of the disease -fever, oliguria, polyuria, convalescent.Results. The common dynamic of cytokines in different periods and in case of moderate to severe forms of the diseases among adults and children had equal direction, but we found the differences in changes of the studied parameters in adults and children in some periods of the disease.Both children and adults showed significant changes in cytokine concentration: TNFб increased during oliguria period, but de-creased in polyuria and convalescent periods. TNFб in oliguria and polyuria period and both severity forms in children is significantly higher than in adults.The dynamics of INF-г levels in children and adults by periods and forms of the diseases was practically identical and there wasno significant difference between children and adults. But, during reconvalescence children with severe form of the disease had a significantly higher value of this cytokine than in adults and in comparison with the oliguria period.Adults had more frequently than children such clinical symptoms as weakness (asthenia), headache and pain in loin; in oliguriaperiod - abdominal pain and pain in loin, bleeding from nose, hematuria, leukocyteuria, the inflammations of vessels of white of the eyes; in polyuria period - pain on loin, inflammations of vessels of white of the eyes.Children had more frequency of fever (oliguria period), subfebrile temperature and hematuria (polyuria period) and the polyuriaperiod begun earlier.Conclusions. The research showed the difference in dynamics of the level of cytokines and frequency of clinical symptoms in different periods and severities of diseases among adults and children.

The analysis of staff management processes within the conditions of international transfer of knowledge and technologies was carried out on the example of St. Petersburg Scientific Research Institute (parent company) and foreign enterprise Latin American Biotechnology Institute MECHNIKOV (Nicaragua). The possible risks are identified and proposals for risks minimization are developed using methods of observation, analysis of HRM-systems and questionnaire. Labour market analysis showed the shortage of personnel of the necessary qualifications, which is caused by the lack of biotechnological education in the region. Risks of personnel selection and risks related to personnel adaptation are analyzed. Studies of the loyalty level employees by category, age, factors of working life have been carried out. The level of staff contentment is established, which exceeds the 70% for all categories of staff and is positively reflected in the dynamics of all factors. The results made it possible to highlight the key activity vectors of the personnel management system in the region -active vocational guidance work in the region, systematic improvement of staff skills and regular monitoring of the results of the activities carried out.

The purpose of the review is to consider the main modern materials used for bone grafting and bone defect replacement and, based on the analysis of literature, to evaluate the results of enhancing their osteoinductive properties by innovative cellular technologies and tissue engineering methods, as well as the possibility of clinical using such implants.Material and methods: the search for literary sources was carried out in open databases of scientific literature PubMed and Cyberleninka by using keywords and their phrases: “reparative osteogenesis”, “bone implant”, “osteoinductance”, “cell technology”, “stem cells» (in Russian and English). The search depth is 15 years.Results: The article provides a literature review of the main modern materials which are used for bone grafting and bone defect replacement. The results of studies aimed at studying the osteoinductive abilities of various bone grafts are analyzed taking into account their material and the design of the structure of the graft. The osteoinductance enhancing by introducing cellular technologies into the graft are considered. The review presents an extensive range of studies, so the results of experiments conducted in vitro and in vivo both in animals and, for a number of grafts, in humans are presented.But, at the same time, it is concluded that most of the results of implant researches, including cellular strategies, were performed only on animals, and recommendations for their clinical use is limited.

The review of literature presents the results of recent studies in obese people in Russia and abroad taking into account gender, age, ethnic, social, and geographical factors. The increase of obesity prevalence among different population groups including children and adolescents was registered. The risks of health problems associated with overweight and obesity probably leading to disability and mortality were analyzed. The fundamental importance of a multidisciplinary approach in the development of prevention and treatment an drehabilitation programs was noted. The paper determines features of obesity and its consequences for young women.

Raynaud syndrome is an angiotrophoneurosis, which is based on an organic lesion of the vascular wall in the form of hypertrophy of the intima and a decrease in their internal diameter. The syndrome is associated with systemic rheumatic diseases, endocrine and hematological pathology, and individual infections. Clinical manifestations in the form of transient vasospastic reactions are triggered by cold or psychoemotional stress.The purpose of this study is to generalize the currently available information about the prevailing concepts of development ofRaynaud syndrome.The material for writing the article was domestic and foreign sources over the past 10 years. At the same time, methods were used to collect information about the state of the issue, analyze and systematize the data obtained, search for new theories of the pathogenesis of the phenomenon, indicating possible promising directions in the study of this issue.It was found that the pathogenesis of Raynaud syndrome is based on neurovegetative and intravascular disorders, disorders of neoangiogenesis regulation, changes in vascular reactivity. Pathological processes are caused by the progression of major diseases, as well as the action of a number of predisposing factors. Ultimately, this leads to structural changes in the vascular wall and the development of ischemia of adjacent tissues.

Hereditary breast cancer is one of the most common genetic pathologies, accounting for 15-20% of all breast cancer cases and is mainly due to mutations in BRCA 1/2 genes. In a little amount of patients this disease is connected with mutations of genes CHEK2, TP53, MSH 2, ATM, PTEN, NBS1, BRIP1, PALB2, BARD1, STK11, MLH1, BLM, CDH1, RAD50, accounting for 5-10% of all cases. This review presents data on mutations in genes of different penetration of breast cancer. An individual approach is extremely important in terms of diagnosis, treatment and the introduction of preventive methods. The prevalence of mutations in the presented genes varies significantly depending on ethnicity and geographic region. The early detection of hereditary cancer is a serious problem, so the need for molecular genetic diagnosis in practical oncology is obvious.The aim of our study is to present current literature data on the role of hereditary factors in the pathogenesis of breast cancer, to systematize the understanding of the mechanisms of occurrence, biological features of breast cancer based on the achievements of molecular biology and genetics. The review includes articles from the PubMed, eLibrary database, which reflected genetic studies and data on breast cancer. Establishing a genetic risk factor for the development of breast cancer will allow individualizing treatment tactics, introducing preventive methods and preventing an increase in the incidence of this pathology.

This article provides a review of the literature on the diagnosis of acute mesenteric circulatory disorders (AMCD). AMCD is still a severe form of vascular pathology, which is accompanied by a high mortality rate, which has not decreased in the last 15-20 years [1,2]. The annual detection rate of AMCD is 0.09-0.2% [3]. The mortality rate, according to various authors, is from 70 to90% [4,5]. This is due to the fact, that the operated patients are considered «severe» due to their age and concomitant diseases, latediagnosis, and the frequency of complications [6-8]. The review provides data on the effectiveness of clinical and laboratory diagnostics, radiation imaging methods (ultrasound, computer and magnetic resonance imaging), and separately considers the diagnostic capabilities of angiography and laparoscopy. The specificity and sensitivity of radiation research methods are considered. Improving diagnostic methods and introducing new methods can improve the detection of cases of this pathology, reduce mortality and prevent the development of complications. The outcome of the disease depends on the time of onset of the disease. At the initial stage, conservative therapy is used, and if it is ineffective, surgical treatment should be performed. With timely diagnosis and treatment, the mortality rate may decrease.

The article presents a review of foreign literature over the past 15 years on the problem of acute ulcerative gastroduodenal bleeding. Diagnostic issues are described in detail, methods for studying the first and second lines, diagnostic significance of gastroduodenoscopy, computed tomography, angiography of visceral branches of the abdominal aorta are considered. Endoscopy, as a rule, is a method of diagnosing the first line, the significance of CT is not completely determined. In difficult cases, in severe patients, according to the results of an interdisciplinary discussion, angiography can be used as a diagnostic method. The analysis of existing methods of stratification of the severity of bleeding, the presence and threat of recurrence of bleeding has been performed. The characteristic, indications for endoscopic, conservative, surgical and endovascular methods of hemostasis, the sequence of their application are presented. Particular attention is paid to the issues of forecasting, the choice of therapeutic tactics and prevention of recurrence of bleeding.