Objective. To study the general immunity parameters in patients with keratoconus before and after perilimbal injection of “Alloplant” biomaterial.Material and methods. The study group included 25 patients (17 men and 8 women) with keratoconus aged 14-44. The numberof lymphocyte subpopulations and expression of membrane activation markers were studied as long as blood levels of IgG, IgA andIgM before and after perilimbal injection of “Alloplant” biomaterial.Results. Perilimbal injection of “Alloplant” biomaterial did not affect the number of t-lymphocytes and subpopulations in patients with keratoconus. Blood immunoglobulin levels were stable during the follow-up.Conclusion. Perilimbal injection of “Alloplant” biomaterial did not affect the parameters of general immunity in patients with keratoconus.

Purpose. To analyze cases of a protracted course of allergic conjunctivitis (AK) in children and to identify mistakes in the diagnosis and treatment tactics at the level of primary specialized health care.Material and methods. 23 cases of late diagnosis of AK in children from 3 to 17 years old were sent to the consultative diagnostic city ophthalmology department of the Children's City Clinical Hospital No. 1.Results. The history, complaints, clinical symptoms and effectiveness of AK therapy were evaluated in detail. A questionnaire for the initial diagnosis of AK for an ophthalmologist is proposed.Conclusions. In the diagnosis of AK, it is important to identify concomitant diseases of an allergic nature, the presence of itching, follic-ular or papillary conjunctival hyperplasia. Treatment of AK in childhood should be carried out jointly by an allergist and an ophthalmologist.

Objective. To date, myopia is the most common cause of worsening visual acuity in the distance. With an unfavorable course, myopia becomes the cause of the development of retinal complications, strabismus, a decrease in corrected visual acuity, in severe cases leads to disability in working age [7]. In this connection, corrective exercises of therapeutical physical training in combination with the use of lasers of the infrared range and a constant magnetic field is one of the promising areas of regulation of visual functions. Material and methods. The main group consisted of 34 patients who, in addition to complex treatment, received procedures on the «Uzor» magneto-infrared laser therapeutic apparatus and corrective exercises for training the internal and external muscles of the eye in combination with exercises for the cervical spine according to the method of M. Norbekov. The control group (30 people) received standard treatment.Results. In the main group there was a positive trend: increase of visual acuity, as well as an increase in the relative reserve margin and the volume of absolute accommodation compared with the control group. In the control group, no significant changes were noted.Conclusions. Thus, according to the results of the study, we can conclude that complex treatment contributes to: increased visual acuity; increased stock of relative accommodation and the volume of absolute accommodation; reduction of subjective refraction.

Today, with firm confidence, it can be argued that the “dry eye syndrome” (DES) is one of the most common diseases of the ocular surface. A significant position among the causes leading to the secondary dry eye syndrome is held by viral conjunctivitis in history. The article provides information on the pathogenesis, aspects of the course, diagnostic algorithms and therapy of the secondary dry eye syndrome after viral conjunctivitis. Secondary DES arising after viral conjunctivitis requires the administration of drugs taking into account the pathogenesis of this pathology for maximum treatment effectiveness. It was concluded that the prolonged use of a combination of Cationorm and VitA-POS significantly reduces the manifestation of this disease until the disappearance of subjective complaints, normalization of tear production and stabilization of the tear film.

Infectious keratitis is the most common complication of penetrating keratoplasty. The article analyzes a case of fungal keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty. Keratoplasty was performed for bullous keratopathy developed after open globe injury in a35-years old man. The fungal keratitis occurred two weeks later on the edge of the donor flap. The instillation of steroids and antibiotics was discontinued, specific treatment included fluconazole and amphotericin B, keratitis repeatedly recurred, infiltrates werescraped. Topical and systemic voriconazole during 3 weeks resulted in stable corneal epithelialization and corneal transparency res-toration. During 3 years of follow-up keratitis did not recur, visual acuity achieved to 1.0.

Purpose. To evaluate the sizes of the foveal avascular zone and the relative density of vessels in a ring with a diameter of 300 μm around it using optical coherence tomography-angiography (OCTA) after surgical treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment using microivasive ultrasonic and traditional guillotine vitrectomy.Material and methods. The study included 39 patients with a diagnosis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). Surgical treatment was performed using 25G ultrasonic (main group, n = 26) and pneumatic (control group, n = 13) vitrectomy followed by endotamponade. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination and OCTA in the period before 3 and 6 months after surgery.Results and discussion. In both groups, changes in the area and perimeter of the foveal avascular zone, as well as the relative density of vessels in the ring with a diameter of 300 μm around it, were not statistically significant in the intergroup comparison (p≥0.05). No statistically significant intergroup differences were observed when using ultrasonic and pneumatic guillotine vitrecto-my (p≥0.05).Conclusions. The dynamics of parameters of foveal avascular zone may suggest that using microinvasive 25G ultrasonic vitrectomy doesn’t have influence on retinal microvasculature of the foveal avascular zone and may be considered as safe method of surgical treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a multifactorial disease characterized by the development of serous desquamation of the neurosensory retina and/or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the macular region, which leads to deterioration of visual functions. This paper presents a clinical case of a patient with long-term recrudescent CSC, complicated by neovascularization. In addition to standard ophthalmological methods, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography with angiography (OCT-angiography) were used to examine the patient. After the course of intravitreal administration of anti-VEGF therapy of ranibizumab and aflibercept, positive dynamics was observed.

The relevance of chorioretinitis is due to the high frequency of occurrence among young people, difficulties in the etiological diagnosis, a long inflammatory process with the development of complications such as retinal hemorrhages, hemophthalmus, the formation of subretinal neovascular membranes, vitreoretinal lines, etc. All this lead to decreased vision, low vision and blindness.The article presents data on the results of a timely diagnosis and complex treatment of the first detected central chorioretinitis of unknown etiology with retinal detachment in a 22-year-old patient. As a result of treatment, a positive dynamics of the course of the inflammatory process was noted with the resorption of subretinal hemorrhages and exudate. The chorieretinal lesion decreased due to relief of perifocal inflammation, and visual functions were recovered to the initial level.

Objective. To study the effect of the duration of type I diabetes mellitus, the degree of compensation of carbohydrate metabolism, and the method of insulin therapy on the state of the retina in children with type I diabetes.Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of 57 medical records of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) was performed, of which 34 (59,6%) were boys and 23 (40,4%) were girls aged 7-17 (average age 14,6 ± 2, 81). The disease duration averaged 5,38 ± 3,63 years, the average level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) - 8,94 ± 1,78%.Results. Diabetic retinal damage was detected in the group of children with type I diabetes up to 5 years in 28,12% of cases, in children from 5 to 10 years old in 63,15% of cases and in the group with type I diabetes for more than 10 years - in 100 % of cases. According to the degree of compensation of carbohydrate metabolism, retinal damage was detected in compensated type I diabetes in 46,6% of cases, in case of subcompensated - in 50%, and in decompensated diabetes - in 75% of cases. In children who use an insulin pump and an insulin syringe pen with regular self-monitoring in treatment, diabetic complications of the retina are detected in50% of cases, using an insulin syringe pen without self-control in 84% of cases.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, diabetic retinal damage was observed in 100% of children with a duration of type I diabetes mellitus more than 10 years, in 75% of children with a decompensated degree of carbohydrate metabolism, in 84% of children using an insulin pen without regular self-monitoring.

Purpose: dynamic observation of a patient with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).Methods: a patient with unilateral acute NAION was examined during the period of 18 days, 1 and 4 months from the onset of the disease. Diagnosis of NAION was based on clinical examination and SD-OCTA (RTVue-XR, Optovue). SD-OCTA was used to measure the peripapillary vessel density (RPC, %) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL, µm) in peripapillary retina.Results: in 1 month from the onset of the disease, a gradual decrease of RNFL edema (from 403µm to 245µm) was observed,with insignificant changes of the RPC density (from 39.6% to 39.8%). In 4 months from the onset of the disease, a thinning of theRNFL thickness (73µm), a decrease in the ganglion cell complex (76µm), and a decrease of the RPC density (29.4%) were revealed.Conclusion: SD-OCTA allows to study the current of the pathological process which is necessary to improve the results of treatment and prevent loss of visual functions.

The purpose was to analyze retinal morphology and to investigate the correlation with the clinical data in Huntington's disease (HD).Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the retinal parameters in HD and healthy controls with the use of optical coherence tomography (OCT).Results. The range of the CAG (cytosine-adenine-guanine) repeat expansion size was 38-56 repeats, the range of Unified HD Rating Scale motor scores (UHDRS) was 36.3±29.7, and disease duration was 13.7±7.2 years in HD patients. A significant decreasein the ganglion cell complex thickness, average, temporal, inferior and nasal retinal nerve fiber layer in HD subjects was revealed inOCT examination in comparison with control group. An inverse correlation between the disease duration and the temporal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was found.Conclusions. The localization of retinal thickness loss indicates a specific pattern of retinal neurodegeneration in HD, similar to Parkinson’s disease and mitochondrial diseases. The association with the disease duration confirms the progressive nature of these changes.

The urgency of the qualitative and the quantitative evaluation of lesions of the visual analyzer in drusen of the optic nerve disk increases with the introduction and development of the latest diagnostic techniques. If drusen are detected, it is possible to detect combined pathologies. A patient, 50 years old, complaining of episodic blurred vision and headache attacks turned to Academician S.N. Fyodorov FSBI IRTC «Eye Microsurgery», Moscow. When the patient was diagnosed with the drusen of the optic nerve disk, a combined congenital neurological pathology was detected, which was an accidental finding on MRI. The patient was referred for consultation with a neurosurgeon in order to make a diagnosis, conduct possible further surgery and determine treatment tactics. He was diagnosed with arteriovenous malformation of the deep arteries of the left parietal lobe. However, after comparing all the risks, the large size of the arteriovenous malformation, its location in the functional area of the brain, it was decided to conduct a dynamic observation. This case confirms the need of the neurological examination of the patients with abnormalities of the optic nerve.

Coats retinitis (CR) may resemble retinal malignancy - retinoblastoma (RB). The aim of the study is to introduce the key DDx features of CR and RB.Material and methods. 552 children were referred with suspected retinoblastoma during 2007-2019 period. The RB was confirmed in 432 patients. In 120 cases pseudoretinoblastoma was revealed, including 15 patients with CR.Results. We propose some criteria for DDx of CR and RB considering all the data of our previous studies and our own experience of observation.Conclusions. All the factors must be taken into consideration in order to reach successful differentiation between CR and RB.

The aim of the study is to present our own experience in observing combined hamartomas of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE).Material and methods include 8 patients (8 eyes) with combined hamartoma of the retina and RPE observed at the Ocular Oncology and Radiation Department in the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution.Results. The lesions are mostly located in macular site (n=6) with rounded shape and brown or light grey color. All the cases are presented with epiretinal fibrosis and retinal traction. No progression signs were revealed in every single case with follow-up periodranged from 3 months to 3 years (average, 1.8 years).

Recently, interest to the interaction of natural biomolecules with various drugs has significantly increased. Ophthalmic medicinal films have significant advantages over widely used methods for the prevention and treatment of intraocular infections. Ophthalmic polymer films based on polyvinyl alcohol and dihydroquercetin with moxifloxacin have been developed. Spectrophotometric methods studied the interaction of the antibiotic with polymer compositions, the sorption properties of the films, determined by calculating the stability constants of the developed bases, a comparative analysis of the used matrixes of eye films. The results of the study showed that spectral changes indicate the formation of a complex compound between moxifloxacin, the carrier polymer and dihydroquercetin. A polymer ophthalmic film based on polyvinyl alcohol and dihydroquercetin with moxifloxacin is characterized by a higher stability constant than a film based on polyvinyl alcohol with moxifloxacin. The introduction of dihydroquercetin into the system increases the stability of the complex by an order of magnitude and provides a more pronounced prolonging effect of the ophthalmic medicinal film.

A method of fragmentation and emulsification of the vitreous body using ultrasonic energy has been developed. When testing the method of vitreous fragmentation using ultrasonic oscillations, it is important to assess the state of the retina, in terms of the impact of ultrasonic energy. Intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) provides a non-invasive, high-precision evaluation of the structure of biological tissues in real time. The aim of the study was to analyze the results of iOCT of the posterior pole of the eye of 40 rabbits who underwent 25G ultrasonic and guillotine vitrectomy. The absence of differences in the retinal microarchitectonics of both groups of animals based on the data of iOCT tomograms before and after ultrasonic and guillotine pneumatic vitrectomy, as well as the absence of specific complications associated with the impact of ultrasonic energy, indicates the safety of the method of ultrasonic vitrectomy.

The goal was to study changes in the oxidative status of blood from the central retinal vein after endovitreal illumination.Material and methods: luminol-dependent and iron-induced chemiluminescence of whole blood and blood serum from the central retinal vein of a rabbit after experimental endoillumination with an intensity of 50% and 100%.Results and discussion: we found that under the influence of endovitreal illumination there is an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species in the blood and an increase in the antioxidant activity of blood plasma, which depends on the endoillumination intensity.Conclusion: oxidative stress can be one of the factors of the phototoxic effect of endovitreal light sources on the retina.

More than 450 000 patients on the territory of the Russian Federation are in need of ocular prosthetics [1,2]. Among them, there are patients with diabetes mellitus who have related features that affect the results of prosthetics. In connection with the above, the problem of eye prosthetics in patients with diabetes requires special attention and is relevant for study.Purpose. To study the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the effectiveness of eye prosthetics. Material and methods. The patients were divided into two groups: Ⅰ group - patients with anophthalmos and without DM, Ⅱgroup - patients with anophthalmos complicated by DM. All patients were performed: conjunctival cavity biomicroscopy, pH determination of the conjunctival cavity discharge. In all patients, the terms were analyzed: postoperative wound healing, primary prosthetics (PP), planned replacement of the ocular prosthesis.Results. It was found that in prosthetic patients with diabetes, the pH of the conjunctival cavity is shifted to the alkaline side, the healing time of wounds after enucleation is extended and the exploitation periods of eye prostheses are shortened.Conclusion. A reasoned approach to compliance with the terms of primary prosthetics after enucleation of the eye and proper care of the conjunctival cavity and ocular prosthesis are important conditions for obtaining a good cosmetic effect from ocular pros-thetics in patients with diabetes mellitus, as a result, the size of the conjunctival cavity, the correct formation of the arches, and thetone of the eyelids are preserved.

Objective. To study the dynamics of the incidence of oncopathology of the eye and its appendage in residents of the Orenburg region in 2013-2018.Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of cases in outpatients with neoplasms of the eye and its adnexa for 2013-2018was carried out.Results and discussion. The paper presents the dynamics of the incidence of oncopathology of the eye and its adnexa in 1668 residents of the Orenburg region in 2013-2018. The incidence of oncopathology of the eye and adnexa decreased by 33% during the analyzed period. At the same time, the number of malignant neoplasms increased by 15% during this period. The localization of neoplasms of the eye and adnexa is presented: most often there are lesions of the eyelids, including their canthus - 83%.Conclusions. 1. The incidence of oncopathology of the eye and adnexa during the period from 2013 to 2018 among the population of the Orenburg region decreased by 35%. 2. There is an increase in the incidence of malignant neoplasms of the eye and adnexa by 7%. 3. Among patients with oncopathology of the eye and adnexa, women predominate, with an average ratio of 2:1. 4. Most often, tumors affect the eyelids.

Computer visual syndrome (CVS) is found in 32-90% of digital devices users. In most studies, the etiological and pathogenetic factors of accommodative asthenopia in CVS are discussed from the point of view of physiological optics, but the mechanisms of nervous regulation of accommodation in the formation of CVS are missed.Purpose. Preliminary assessment of the possibility of recording and analysis of accommodative microfluctuations as a neuroophthalmological indicator of asthenopia when using devices.Material and methods. 8 people (average age 24.1±0.6 years) were surveyed using the CVS-Q questionnaire after ophthalmological examination, as well as accommodation on a Righton Speedy-K autorefractometer before, during and after visual activity ona smartphone.Results. 7 of 8 examined according to questionnaires revealed signs of CVS; indicators of accommodation in all were in the range of unbalanced accommodation response.Conclusions. When studying the microfluctuations of accommodation during the usual smartphone visual activity, there is a tendency to a deterioration in the indices of objective accommodation, which is consistent with the survey data. Further neurooph-thalmological studies of the mechanisms of the CVS formation with the involvement of modern hardware and diagnostic tools arean actual medical and social problem.

Objective. To analyze the microcirculation parameters of the optic nerve head blood flow in primary open-angle glaucoma with optical coherence tomography angiography.Material and methods. Data from an ophthalmological examination of 56 patients with I and II glaucoma stages (64 and 37 eyes, respectively) and the control group - 36 people (63 eyes) were included in the study. All patients underwent a standard ophthalmological examination, additionally optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography were performed. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical processing in Statistica 13.5 (Tibco Software Ink.).Results. A statistically significant difference in 18 of the 24 studied parameters of the optic discs microcirculation in the second stage of the disease in comparison with the control group was revealed (p≤0.05).Conclusions. A statistically significant difference in the parameters of the microcirculation of optic disc was revealed in the advanced stage of the disease compared with the control group. The use of optical coherence tomography with the function of angi-ography is justified as a method for assessing microcirculation in patients with glaucoma.

A large number of epidemiological studies show that in recent years the incidence of gout has been increasing. But despite this, little attention is paid to eye complications caused by gout.The work aimed to study features of eye manifestations in case of gout.Material and methods. The study was conducted at the Department of Eye Diseases of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) and at the Department of Eye Diseases of the Tajik State Medical University (TSMU) named after Sina, Dushanbe. The study included 170 patients with male cataracts, aged 30 to 75 years, who were divided into two groups: the first group (control) -60 patients without gout, the second group (study) - 110 patients with cataract complicated by gout. The duration of gout disease ranged from 1 to 20 years. Antigout therapy was regular, irregular, or not performed.Results. In the study group, deposits of uric acid crystals on the surface of the eye structures were found in 14 (13%) patients.Conclusions. With the experience of gout for more than 15 years, its unregular therapy and prolonged hyperuricemia, the level of uric acid in the tear and in the moisture of the anterior chamber rises, and sodium monourate crystals and microtofuses can develop on the ocular surface.

Elimination of a cosmetic defect in patients with anophthalmus, subatrophy, and atrophy of the eyeball is an important medical and social problem [2,4].The eye prosthesis has not only cosmetic, but also therapeutic value, protecting the eye cavity from the irritating effect of environmental factors. A prolonged absence of a prosthesis in the conjunctival cavity causes a chronic inflammatory process and its reduction [1,3,5].Improving the methods of prosthetics aimed at increasing the cosmetic effect and comfort when wearing eye prostheses, extending their service life, as well as developing ways to care for them, is an extremely important task and is the purpose of the study. A technique is proposed that allows to increase the comfort of wearing eye prostheses, to effectively clean and disinfect, and also to extend their service exploitation.

The goal is to give a qualitative and quantitative characteristic of the microtopography of the back pole of the eyeball in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis.Material and methods. The serial histotopograms of the eyeball of fetuses from 14 to 27 weeks of fetal development were studied. All study material was divided into three age groups (14-18 weeks; 19-23 weeks; 24-27 weeks). The statistical processing was conducted using Statistica 10.0.Results. In the intermediate fetal period the thickness of the membranes of the back pole of the eyeball is on average 0.97±0.18 mm, while the thickness of the fibrous membrane, choroid and retina is on average 0.56±0.02 mm, 0.26±0.03 mm and 0.17±0.03 mm respectively. Depending on age, the thickness of all membranes at the back pole of the eyeball increases. Most of all, the fibrous membrane increases from 0.28±0.05 mm to 0.79±0.05 mm. The gender differences were revealed in growth rate.Conclusions. The intermediate fetal period is a period of active growth of the membranes of the back pole of the eyeball. During intermediate fetal period there is a change in the thickness ratio of all membranes because of appearing gender differences in their microtopography.

Purpose. To create an interactive study guide: “Mendeleev’ periodic table of chemical elements».Material and methods. An interactive manual has been developed and created to study the Periodic system of chemical elements that meets all the requirements for typhlostands for the visually impaired people. The work of the manual was provided in the training and survey modes. A pilot test was carried out and defects were eliminated. The final version was submitted to the Ufa correctional boarding school for the blind and visually impaired No. 28.Conclusion: the interactive manual created by us meets all the tasks and can be successfully used in chemistry lessons when working with both blind and visually impaired children.

Phacoemulsification is the most safe and effective method of cataract treatment. One of the essential tasks for ensuring safety in cataract surgery is to avoid damaging effects on the eye tissue by sudden changes in intraocular pressure due to irregularity of the balance of irrigation and aspiration. This literature review is dedicated to medical and technical developments to achieve stability of intraocular pressure and reduce operational trauma during phacoemulsification.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammаtory disease with аn аutoimmune component, which is charаcterized by demyelinаtion аnd neurodegenerаtion in the centrаl nervous system. There are approximately 2,5 million patients with multiple sclerosis world- wide. A frequent symptom of this disease is a violation of visual function. The diagnosis of the visual system allows us to prescribe the necessary treatment. Optical coherence tomography - angiography (OCT - A) is the method of vessels visualization in ophthal- mology. It is based on the ability of the eye to focus light stimulus through the anterior segment to the posterior one. During the study the retinal layers are performed. Their changes can be used as markers of CNS neurodegeneration. The presented review of the literature provides data on the use of OCT - A.

One of the actual problems of modern ophthalmology is computer vision syndrome (CVS), in the formation of which a key role is played by a violation of accommodation. Despite a large number of studies of accommodation among users of computer technol- ogies, a number of questions on accommodation asthenopia remain open. In particular, the mechanisms of the nervous regulation of eye structures in computer vision syndrome have not been fully studied. The use of modern hardware and software in the study of the mechanisms of the formation of CVS will allow us to identify important pathogenic mechanisms of its development. One of these methods is the registration and analysis of the microfluctuations of accommodation (MFA). The article presents an analysis of literature data on the registration of MFAs using computer technologies. It is shown that further study of the visual functions of users of information technology with the registration of microfluctuations of accommodation is a relevant and promising neuroophthalmological and ophthalmic ergonomic direction.

In order to study modern information on peculiarities of genetic status of patients with congenital cataract, modern scientific Russian and foreign publications on genetic polymorphism of congenital cataract have been analyzed. New concepts of the etiology of congenital cataract have been identified, which can be introduced into clinical practice. Thus, the introduction of new ideas about the etiology of congenital cataract will expand the possibilities of its early diagnosis and increase the effectiveness of the treatment carried out.

Pigment dispersion syndrome is a pathological condition characterized by the presence of pigment cells on the posterior surface of the cornea, transillumination defects in the mid-periphery of the iris and increased pigmentation of the trabecular meshwork. This triad of symptoms can cause elevated intraocular pressure, followed by the development of pigmentary glaucoma. This article provides an overview of domestic and foreign literature on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical features of the course of pigment dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma, and also provides information on a modern approach to their diagnosis and treatment.

Today, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME) are an urgent problem because of decrease in the quality of life and disability of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). That is why an in-depth study of the mechanisms of development of these complications, search for new remedies and discussion of effective prescribing schemes are being conducted all over the world.This review presents modern pharmacotherapy, as well as the latest developments in new treatment methods aimed at the pathogenesis of DR and DME.

Papilledema is a non-inflammatory swelling of the optic nerve disc, which arose as a result of increased intracranial pressure (ICD) and impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the central nervous system. Present diagnosis of the papilledema and the causes of its emergence allows us not only to determine the necessary method of treatment in time, but also to save the patient's life. This article discusses epidemiology, aetiopathogenesis, pathomorphology, classification and ophthalmoscopic picture of the papilledema. The current lack of a single classification and theory of the emergence of the papilledema necessitates the further study of this pathology.

With the introduction and development of the latest diagnostic techniques, the relevance of the assessment of visual analyzer lesion in intracranial hypertension (ICH) increases. The papilledema is the swelling of the optic nerve disc, which arose as a result of ICH. Existing methods of ophthalmoscopy and neuroimaging do not allow us to confirm the diagnosis of papilledema and assess the state of the optic nerve in the ICH in all cases. With the emergence of ophthalmological methods of structural-topographical assessment of the visual analyzer, such as optical coherenсe tomography (OCT), optical coherenсe tomography with angiography (OCTА), as well as orbit and optic nerve ultrasound, fluorescein angiography of the retina, the diagnosis of the papilledema becomes more informative and promising. The article contains the main latest methods of visualization of papilledema at the current stage.

Modern scientific Russian and foreign publications on problems of diagnosis and treatment of the acanthamoeba keratitis are provided in this paper. New promising methods of diagnosis and treatment of acanthamoeba keratitis, which can be introduced into clinical practice in the shortest possible time, have been identified. Introduction of new methods of the acanthamoeba keratitis diagnosis and treatment will expand the possibilities of its early diagnosis and increase the effectiveness of the conducted treatment.