The objective: to analyze morphological and biochemical changes in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) after a course of antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin.The work was carried out on the basis of the Infectious Disease Department at 5th Military Clinical Hospital of the RussianGuard of the Russian Federation in Ekaterinburg. The study was cohort, prospective, controlled, dynamic, with the inclusion of 243 patients with CHC. The proportion of men was 67.9% (165 people), women - 32.1% (78 people), with genotype 1 - 43.6% (106 people) with genotype 2 - 11.1% (27 people) and with genotype 3 - 45.3% (110 people). All patients with CHC received standard combination therapy - pegylated interferon alpha-2A 180 µg per week and ribavirin, the duration of treatment was 24 weeks at genotypes 2 and 3 and 48 weeks at 1 genotype of the virus. Prior to the administration of antiviral treatment, all patients underwent puncture liver biopsy and minimal fibrosis F0 was found in 1-51.0% (124 people), F2 - 26.7% (65 people), F3 - 11.5% (28 people) and F4 - 10.8% (26 people).Sustained viral response (SVR) was achieved in more than 2/3 of patients - 69.5% and not achieved in 30.5%. The group re- sponded to the treatment was dominated by patients with the "not-1" genotype of a HCV infection - 81.2%, with genotype 1 - 57.7 per cent. With minimal liver fibrosis (F0-1), SVR in patients with CHC was 80.6% and at the stage of moderate fibrosis (F2) - 73.8%, which is significantly higher than at the stage of severe liver fibrosis and cirrhosis (F3-4) - 38.9%. According to the results of repeated liver biopsy and fibroelastometry, a decrease in the stage of fibrosis and elasticity parameters was registered in patients with CHC at the stage ≤F2. Normalization of biochemical parameters was in all patients who achieved a SVR, as well as in the absence of a response at the stage of moderate fibrosis inclusive.Positive morphological dynamics after the course of antiviral treatment in patients with CHC occurs only at the stages of minimal and moderate liver fibrosis, while at the stages of severe liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, changes in the stage of the disease do not occur regardless of the viral response and virus genotype.

To date, the advantage of relieving broncho-obstructive syndrome in pediatric practice through nebulized inhalation therapy with a bronchodilator drug is indisputable. The article presents the results of evaluating the effectiveness of nebulized bronchodilation therapy during hospital stay in children with broncho-obstructive syndrome from 1 to 18 years old (n = 58) who were treated in pediatric wards No. 1 and No. 3 of the Federal Budget Institution of Health of the City Children's Hospital No. 17 in Ufa from March to August 2018. The results of the study show a high efficacy of nebulized bronchodilation therapy in both a group of children with acute obstructive bronchitis and in children with bronchial asthma. However, the relief of the main clinical symptoms in children with bronchial asthma against the background of ongoing nebulized bronchodilation therapy was achieved 2-3 days earlier than in children with acute obstructive bronchitis.

Tobacco smoking is one of the most common bad habits among both adults, children and adolescents, which is a global problem of the world community.The article focuses on the study of acoustic parameters of respiration and determination of cotinine in smoking adolescents inYakutsk. 191 schoolchildren aged 13 to 17 (8-11 grade pupils) participated in the study. All participants underwent an express-test to determine cotinine (nicotine) in the urine, computed bronchophonography with the use of the “Pattern” device and anonymous questionnaire to determine smoking status. The cotinine test was positive in 46 of 191 examined schoolchildren (24%). The study of smoking status revealed that 4.2% of boys and 2.7% of girls smoke on a daily basis, occasional smokers are 69.5% and 20.0%, respectively. According to the results of computed bronchophonography, there were no statistically significant differences when comparing the indicants of the acoustic parameter of respiration in smoking and non-smoking adolescents, which may be due to the short history of smoking among schoolchildren.

Some age-related morphofunctional parameters were studied in children and adolescents living in the highland conditions of Daghestan (Khunzakh village) and in the plainland (the city of Makhachkala) depending on the age of patients, gender factors and climatic conditions. Physical fitness of children of school age (from 7 to 17 years old) was studied. Anthropometric data were assessed (body mass, height, BMI), as well as chest volume and vital lung capacity using spirometry. The study showed the presence of certain patterns in the physical development of schoolchildren aged from 7 to 17 years old. The body weight of schoolchildren living in the highlands of Daghestan (Khunzakh village) is slightly lower than that of their peers living in the plain (the city of Makhachkala). Body length (height) increases significantly from 10 to 15 years old. At the age of 10-15 years, there is a significant increase in body weight in boys and girls living both in high mountains and on the plains. Obviously this is due to the peculiarities of metabolic processes in this period of development.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of one-stage surgical treatment of patients with cholecystocholedocholithiasis, when using laparoscopic technologies in comparison with other methods of treatment. Cholelithiasis takes the second place in the structure of acute abdominal diseases (7 - 14 %). There is a steady increase in its incidence, which over the past 8 years has increased by 2 times. One of the complications cholelithiasis is choledocholithiasis requiring emergency surgery.The paper presents a comparative analysis of the results of treatment of 230 patients with choledocholithiasis complicated by mechanical jaundice, who underwent surgery in the hospital № 21 Ufa, in the Department of Surgery № 1, from January 2013 to December 2017. All patients were divided into three groups, in accordance with different types of surgery. A comparative analysis of the results of treatment in three groups and a comparison of their parameters is provided: hospital-stay duration, the duration of surgery, complications during surgery and in the postoperative period, the stay of patients in the intensive care unit in the postoperative period. The increasing dynamics of the prevalence of minimally invasive treatment methods over traditional ones is shown. High efficiency of the use of fibrocholedochoscopy in the treatment of patients with cholelithiasis complicated by choledocholithiasis is reflected.

The paper presents the results of a retrospective analysis of 150 females, who have undergone IVF and embryo transfer with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in Central Clinic of Baku during 2010-2017. The aim of the study was to study the frequency of occurrence of the structure of chromosomal abnormalities on the basis of PGD of embryos in the program of IVF, as well as the effect of this procedure on the results of pregnancies. It was revealed that the highest frequency of chromosomal aberrations was observed in the group with miscarriage, with idiopathic infertility and several unsuccessful attempts of IVF in the anamnesis. Clinical pregnancy was observed in 48.9% of cases with the transfer of normal embryos, and the birth of a healthy child - in 40.8% of cases. The study of the frequency of chromosomal pathologies in groups of women with various causes of infertility showed that changes in the 15th pair of chromosomes were significantly more frequent in women of all four groups, 46.45% in the 1st group, 24.59% in the 2nd group, 13,66% in the 3rd group and 10.9% in the 4th group, compared with women in the control group - 4.37%, p <0.05-0.001. In the 16th pair of chromosomes, the changes were established for women of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd groups, compared to women in the control group, p <0.05-0.01.

The object of the research was the database of the State Register of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in the Republic of Bashkortostan (RB) as of December 31, 2017. It is established that in the RB in the dynamics of 2013-2017 the increase in the prevalence of diabetes persists, mainly due to type 2 diabetes mellitus. An increase in the prevalence of DM in the RB is observed due to an increase in the incidence, which increased by 2,3% over 5 years; the average life expectancy of patients with diabetes in the last 5 years remains unchanged; a decrease in mortality in type 1 DM by 10,1% was noted, while in type 2 DM this indicator was set to increase by 22,9%. Cardiovascular diseases remain the most common cause of death in patients with diabetes. The analysis showed that the main indicators of DM in the RB are comparable with the corresponding data for the Russian Federation (RF).

The study objective was to formulate the comparative assay principles of metals and non-metals at expertise of some objects of biological and non-biological origin using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and atomic emission spectrometry without use of references samples. The study objects were criminal cannabis samples, blue clay samples from Undorovsky field with different sampling time and sampling place. The study considers examples of comparative analysis of cannabis and blue clay samples. In samples of similar structure and composition, the values of analytical signals of chemical elements were compared. The chemical elements quantitation without use of calibration stage was performed. These approaches enable to define the identity of samples composition. Thus, during comparative expertise of cannabis and blue clay quantification of metal and non-metal elements can be performed without use of references samples. The following principles of comparative element analysis were proposed: the principle of comparative chemical element analysis based on the analytical signal comparison in the samples; the other principle of comparative chemical element analysis was based on assessment of the calculated chemical concentration using a mathematical model, for example, fundamental parameters method for X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. These methodological approaches for expertise of different analysis objects can be used in forensic chemistry, criminalistics and pharmaceutical analysis.

Purpose of the work - to establish under experiment the possibility of forming an endograft to perform automated posterior lamellar keratoplasty.Experimental work was performed on 8 intact porcine eye-balls. Intraocular pressure (IOP) at 50 mmHg (n=4, № 1-4) was reproduced in the first series of experiments, at 60 mmHg. (n=4, №5-8) in the second.Histological examination of the porcine cornea was performed after dessection by the PocketMaker microkeratome. (Austria).The possibility of forming a corneal transplant of minimal thickness for performing endothelial keratoplasty using the proposed microkeratome “PocketMaker» is experimentally justified. It is possible to produce a graft by performing 2-3 serial sections considering the peculiarities of the cornea thickness of the porcine eye (average 1338±88 microns) and controlled intraocular pressure 50 - 60 mm Hg. Advantages of a new corneal graft formation method: working on an intact eye -ball, the possibility of the front corneal flatenning and the formation of an even cut to obtain a symmetrical profile of the stromal bed repeating the corneal curvature. The quality of the graft is confirmed by OCT results and histodiagnosis.The possibility of using the "PocketMaker" microkeratome for the automated posterior lamellar keratoplasty is experimentally justified. These histological studies indicate the high quality of the graft, which allows us to recommend this formation method in clinical practice.

This work is devoted to the study of the component composition of carbon dioxide extracts obtained from various plant raw materials of Schisandra chinensis (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Bail.): branches (woody stems), rhizomes with roots and leaves. Carbon dioxide extraction was performed under supercritical conditions. The highest yield of the extract on oven-dry basis is fixed from rhizomes with roots - 4,87 %; then from the branches - 2,60 %; the lowest yield is from the leaves- 2,00 %. A comparative analysis of the component composition of the obtained carbon dioxide extracts was carried out using the method of gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. In supercritical carbon dioxide leaf extract 36 compounds were found (2 substances were not identified), lignified stems - 43 compounds (3 substances were not identified), rhizomes with roots - 36 compounds (2 substances were not identified). The component composition of the extracts is represented by volatile compounds-essential oils (terpenes: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes; terpenoids: alcohols, esters, ketones) and non-volatile compounds (carboxylic acids and lignans). For each test sample the marker substance were established.

In order to identify common patterns and morphological and functional features of the structure of the proximal epiphyses of the humerus of humans and animals with different types of locomotion, a comparative analysis of the relative values of the parameters of the anatomical structures of the proximal epiphysis of the humerus was made. It allowed to get a more complete picture of the functional adaptation of the bone to the function performed. Changes in the type of support and locomotion lead to a change in the stereometry of its proximal epiphysis. The main results of evolutionary changes in the structure of the humerus of man became transformation of the head into a hemisphere with a relative increase in the size of the head, while maintaining interspecific equality of width of the proximal epiphysis, increase in the angle of the cartilaginous edge of the head, differentiation from the surrounding anatomical structures of the cervix with simultaneous decrease in the values of neck-shaft angle, an increase in the degree of deformation of diaphysis torsion.

The article presents a clinical review of an operative treatment of the patient with a giant Buske-Levenshtein papilloma. The epidemiologic factors of disease dissemination, diagnostics and methods of treatments are presented here. Inadequate monitoring and treatment of the patients with viral diseases of the skin and mucous of vulva can lead to giant Buske-Levenshtein papillomas and cancer.

The purpose of our research is to assess the frequency of shunt thrombosis development in early postoperative period during the surgical treatment of occlusion of the femoropopliteal segment depending on the shunt material and duration of the intervention. There was performed a retrospective analysis of the surgical treatment of 95 patients with arterial atherosclerotic occlusion of the femoropopliteal segment, treated in BSMU Clinic in Ufa during the year 2017. The overall incidence of postoperative complications in the form of shunt thrombosis was 9, 47%. The incidence with the use of autovenous shunt was 13,0% (3 cases; all of them were below the knee joint cleft), with the use of xenoprosthesis (KemAngioprosthesis, Kemerovo, Russia) the incidence was 6,25% (2 cases; all of them were below the knee joint cleft), with the use of PTFE-prosthesis the incidence was 9,75% (4 cases; all of them were above the knee joint cleft).

Ysical inactivity is the disease of the century and the flip side of progress. Unfortunately, the justice of this assertion is obvious. Progress gives people a lot of the most advanced devices, which can make any physical activity unnecessary. To move is a natural need of a human. Lack of movement is the cause of many diseases. If only 100 years ago 94-96% of all mechanical work on the globe was performed by the muscular energy of a man, now - not more than 1%. The World Health Organization has sounded the alarm: according to its statistics, every year about 2 million people become a victim of inactivity, and 1.9 million die from associated diseases. The purpose of the work is to study the impact of inactivity on musculoskeletal system on the basis of monitoring. We examined and surveyed 89 individuals, aged 20 to 25, mean age was 21,86. Using the methods of descriptive statistics we obtained data on the daily distribution of the duration of performed physical activity and sedentary lifestyle among individuals in the period of maximum bone mass, the analysis of dependence of physical activity and BMI was performed. These data indicate a low level of physical activity. Recommendations aimed at reducing the risk of diseases development, the overcoming and prevention of physical inactivity are presented in the paper.

This paper presents the analysis of the duration of physical inactivity in the period of maximum bone mass. It shows the absence of normal functional activity in different age groups. Functional activity has the highest significance in the period of maximum bone mass, when the skeleton is being formed. Step on, Withigs and OMRON pedometers were used to determine the numberof steps, distance traveled and calories burned. As a result of the study, low rates of physical activity were identified. The average daily number of steps in the study group was 8431.5, which is below the norm recommended by WHO. The prevalence of low level of physical activity among students of medical universities is explained by such factors as long mental stress, irregular daily routine.

Adhesive small bowel obstruction is one of the most difficult diseases in management and severe clinical manifestations. The results of treatment of this group of patients are characterized by a high level of complications and postoperative mortality. The aim of this work was to analyze the literature concerning the main approaches to the treatment of patients with acute intestinal obstruction of adhesive etiology. In recent decades, there has been a trend of active introduction of laparoscopic adhesiolysis for the treatment of this group of patients. Analysis of foreign and domestic literature has shown that laparoscopic operations aimed at removing the causes of the violation of passage of intestinal content, have significant advantages over the traditional laparotomy in case of a differentiated approach to the choice of treatment method and proper selection of patients for operation, which ultimately helps to achieve a better quality of life in this group of patients.

The review article presents the history of the development of reconstructive operations in patients with ulcerative colitis. The efficiency of using various ileal pouch anal anastomoses during reconstructive surgeries after colectomy has been shown. Possible complications arising after the formation of ileal pouch anal anastomoses and unsolved problems of reconstructive - restorative operations are presented. The authors come to the conclusion that timely colectomy with the formation of a subsequent ileal pouch anal anastomosis is the most optimal method of treatment. Quite frequent purulent complications and the development of pouchitis in patients with ulcerative colitis remain an unsolved problem and determine the need for further scientific research.

This review of recent literature presents data on prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy in pregnant women. Extragenital diseases are consistently ranked 1st in the structure of causes of maternal mortality worldwide. Epilepsy is no exception, being a widespread disease of the nervous system, in developed countries it is ahead preeclampsia by the number of maternal mortality. Epilepsy is associated with an increased risk of obstetric bleeding, fetal growth retardation and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Treatment of epilepsy during pregnancy in women is complicated by the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs on the mother and fetus, which requires a reasonable choice of drugs to prevent seizures and complications associated with pregnancy. The article discusses the issues of preconception preparation for the prevention of congenital malformations, selection of antiepileptic therapy, taking into account the teratogenic effects of drugs on the fetus. Improving the methods of treatment of epilepsy in pregnant women will help to avoid problems associated with the deterioration in the condition of the mother and fetus, to reduce maternal and perinatal mortality.

At present, the problem of obesity has become epidemical, that tends to alarm the world medical community. Obesity is associated with the development of complications, threatening life. Cardio-vascular complications ranks 1st by mortality. Secondary forms of obesity refer to different origins. It covers genetic syndromes, various endocrine pathologies, intake of several medicines, and reasons leading to the central nervous system's damage. These diseases may be both the initial cause of obesity, and a consequenceof various pathologies. In this case it is significant that the accretion and the redistribution of body weight are realised in an abdominal way. The complex of endocrine and metabolic changes is accumulating. In the overwhelming majority of cases, approaches to the therapy do not differ from conventional methods. However, firstly it is important to compensate the disease caused obesity.

Tick-borne neuroinfections are natural focal diseases characterized by nervous system damage. This group of nosologies includes tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne borreliosis. These diseases can occur in any territory, where there are favorable conditions for the existence of the main carrier - the ixodic tick. The Republic of Bashkortostan is an endemic territory for tick-borne neuroinfections. In this regard, the study of these nosologies has always been an important task for specialists of our region. The study of these diseases on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan has its own history. The article presents the main periods of studying tick-borne encephalitis and tick-borne borreliosis in our republic, the contribution made by the staff of the Department of Neurology of the Bashkir State Medical University in covering issues related to epidemiology, clinical picture and diagnosis of tickborne infections.

The article presents the results of a study of the modern domestic market for adsorptive drugs. Gastrointestinal adsorbents are widely used in various branches of medicine such as gastroenterology, toxicology, infectious diseases, allergology, dermatology, surgery, oncology, narcology, hepatology and nephrology. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to conduct an analytical review of registered drugs with the adsorption effect and substances for their production in the domestic pharmaceutical market, as well as to study the demand and level of implementation of gastrointestinal adsorbents in pharmacy organizations in the Ulyanovsk region. A review of gastrointestinal adsorbents and pharmaceutical substances for their production registered in the Russian Federation is given. The structure of sales of gastrointestinal adsorbents is considered on the example of the local market of the Ulyanovsk region, and the prospects of using domestic mineral raw materials for the production of new drugs with adsorption effects are presented.

Oral hypoglycemic agents are currently of great use in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and are becoming increasingly relevant in medical practice. Data from the Republican Medical Information Center, the Department of Drug Supply and Medical Equipment of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic on registration of oral hypoglycemic agents, price lists of wholesale pharmaceutical companies have been studied. We conducted a content analysis of the pharmaceutical market for oral hypoglycemic agents according to the nomenclature, actual volumes, manufacturers, dosage forms, anatomical-therapeutic-chemical (ATCh) groups of classification and segmentation by price characteristics in the Kyrgyz Republic.According to the results of the study, it was established that 90 trade names of oral hypoglycemic agents are present on thepharmaceutical market of the Kyrgyz Republic. Among suppliers, Turkey, India and Germany occupy leading positions. The largest part of the assortment consists of preparations from the group of biguanides. According to the results of price segmentation of the market of oral hypoglycemic agents, it was determined that they continue to be economically inaccessible for the population of Kyrgyzstan.