Visual contrastometry (VCM), as a method for determining spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS), has found quite wide application. VCM is being effectively used to assess visual performance and serves as one of the criteria for adaptation to visual load and fatigue.
Purpose. To study the SCS in a familiar visual environment and under visual load caused by the use of personal mobile screen devices.
Material and methods. The article presents the results of a study of spatial contrast sensitivity (SCS) in healthy students (n=34, of which 16 women, 18 men, average age 22.4±0.9 years old) in the usual visual environment and under the influence of visual load from devices. The experiments were carried out using the authors’ program “Visual contrastometry” under standard laboratory conditions; the SCS assessment was carried out in the initial state at the 15th, 30th and 45th minutes of the study.
Results. Throughout the experiment, a continuous decrease in the thresholds of spatial contrast sensitivity was revealed when exposed to mobile screen devices. When comparing data on visual contrast measurements between control and experimental conditions, no significant changes were identified at any time point. The distribution of SCS in all phases of the experiment corresponded to the results of studies by other authors and had the character of a normal physiological curve.

The most common and pronounced manifestation of computer vision syndrome (CVS) is dry eye syndrome (DES), the incidence of which, according to various authors, varies from 11.6% to 61.0%. At the same time, information about the possibilities of using on-line technologies for qualitative and quantitative assessment of the nature and severity of the formation of CVS in general, and DES in particular, is clearly insufficient.
Based on this, the purpose of this study was to assess the possibility of using the author’s multidimensional scale in on-line mode to determine the nature and severity of DES in users of video display terminal (VDT).
Material and methods. 585 people (average age 21.6±0.1 years) were surveyed online using a multidimensional author's questionnaire and the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI, Ocular Surface Disease Index). Results: Symptoms of CVS were detected in 87.4% (n=511) of respondents, respectively, in 12.6% of students (n=74) no symptoms of visual discomfort were detected, while ocular surface disorders were found in 28.4% of those examined with signs of CVS. The most common complaints were blurred vision - 53% of respondents, increased sensitivity to light - 48.9%, pain in the eye - 44.4%. No significant correlations were found between experience, duration of use of devices and the condition of the ocular surface according to OSDI. A tendency to some deterioration in OSDI performance was found when the device screen is located above eye level.
Conclusions. The results obtained are consistent with the data of other authors and confirm the relevance and effectiveness of using a multidimensional scale to study the nature and severity of manifestations of CVS and DES for on-line screening ophthalmological studies.

The aim of the work is to study the dynamics of the incidence of conjunctivitis in children and adolescents in the Republic of Bashkrtostan in 2016-2022, to consider the etiopathogenetic factors of their formation and the possible relationship with the conjunctival component of computer vision syndrome.
Material and methods. In the course of the work, data on the incidence of conjunctivitis were analyzed on the basis of statistical form No. 12 "Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the service area of a medical organization" for the period from 2016 to 2022.
Results. An estimation the amount of conjunctivitis in children and adolescents aged 0-17 years in the Republic of Bashkortostan (statistical form No. 12) showed its decrease during the studied period from 2016 to 2022, the rate of decline in the total group of surveyed was 17.7%. A more detailed analysis of the incidence of conjunctivitis revealed its pronounced age-related characteristics: the decrease in incidence was maximum in adolescents 15-17 years old (rate of decline 41.0%), in the age group 0-14 years the rate of decrease was 14.4%. In children 0-14 years old the average annual rate of primary incidence of conjunctivitis (1851±100.1 cases per 100 thousand population of the corresponding age) was statistically significantly (p<0.001) higher than the corresponding indicator (1251.0±94.8 cases) in the age group 15-17 years. In children under 4 and 5-9 years of age, an increase in the incidence of conjunctivitis was detected, and in the younger group the increase (45.0%) was ten times higher than this figure in the group of children 5-9 years old (4.9%). The results are analyzed from modern clinical and experimental positions, according to which a significant role in the pathogenesis of conjunctivitis is played by the violation of coordinated synergic immune protective and nervous regulatory mechanisms aimed to ensure the normal functioning of the eyes.

The purpose of our work was to study the incidence of conjunctivitis in polyclinic patients and to identify a possible relationship between conjunctivitis and coronavirus infection, as well as its effect on the course of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the eyeball.
Material and methods. The analysis of electronic medical records of patients with confirmed diagnoses of inflammatory diseases of the mucous membrane of the eyeball and COVID-19 for the period from 2020 to 2023 was carried out.
Results: during the study of primary and general morbidity, 4,489 people with a diagnosis of conjunctivitis were selected. Of these, 705 (15.7%) patients had a history of coronavirus infection of various severity.
Conclusions. It was revealed that in most cases (85.4%), patients with a history of COVID-19 had a single episode of conjunctivitis. The relationship between the frequency of conjunctivitis cases and the age of patients was revealed (an increase in the number of episodes of conjunctival inflammation in older age groups). Conjunctivitis occurred within 5 to 10 months before or after COVID-19. Patients with conjunctivitis diagnosed no more than 1 month before or after coronavirus infection were divided into two subgroups: I subgroup – patients who first suffered COVID-19, then conjunctivitis, II subgroup – patients who suffered conjunctivitis before coronavirus infection. Additionally, somatic concomitant diseases and the course of coronavirus infection in these patients were studied. The percentage of lung damage and the percentage of hospitalizations were higher in subgroup I. This is probably due to the fact that there were more patients with concomitant somatic pathology in this subgroup. This also explains the greater number of patients with conjunctivitis after a coronavirus infection. Thus, conjunctivitis preceding COVID-19 may be considered as a predictor of a milder course of coronavirus infection, but these data need further investigation.

Purpose. Development of new drugs for cytoprotection of the ocular surface.
Material and methods. In the course of standard experiments on the eyes of 15 healthy rabbits, we assessed the protective activity of newly developed drugs: ophthalmic drug films (ODF) with 6-methyl-3-(thietan-3-yl)uracil and ODF with methyluracil.
Results. An experimental study established their high therapeutic effect with pronounced cytoprotective, reparative and antiinflammatory activity compared to the control. The developed drugs can be used in ophthalmic practice in future. On the 2nd day, total desquamation of epithelial cells of the ocular surface, inflammatory cell infiltration with leukocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes in the limbal and perilimbal areas were noted. On the 7th day of using the ODF 6-methyl-3-(thietan-3-yl)uracil, the morphological picture was characterized by activation of proliferative processes. When using ODF with methyluracil, total epithelization of the ocular surface in the damaged area was revealed. In the control group, at the same time, the layer of epithelium crawled onto the collagen surface, inflammatory infiltrates, intercellular edema and signs of peeling of the epithelium were present. On the 14th day of the experiment, when treated with ODF 6-methyl-3-(thietan-3-yl)uracil, the stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium restored its structure. When treated with ODF with methyluracil, signs of proliferation were still observed. In the control, only a tendency towards complete restoration of the epithelial defect was observed. On the 21st day of the experiment using the ODF methyluracil, in contrast to the ODF 6-methyl-3-(thietan-3-yl)uracil, migration of epithelial cells in the form of epithelial ridges or proliferates was detected.
Conclusion. Ophthalmic drug films with 6-methyl-3-(thietan-3-yl)uracil and methyluracil experimentally proved a high therapeutic effect with pronounced cytoprotective, reparative and anti-inflammatory activity. The developed drugs based on 6-methyl-3-(thietan-3-yl)uracil can in future be used in ophthalmic practice as technologies for the pharmacological correction of ocular surface disorders induced by preservative antiglaucoma drugs.

The study of myopia, in the light of age-related characteristics and its relationship with the use of information technologies and mobile screen visual devices, is becoming an increasingly urgent problem in modern ophthalmology.
Aim. To assess the age-related characteristics of myopia incidence rates, taking into account modern neurophysiological concepts of its formation.
Material and methods. Data on the myopia incidence based on visits to medical institutions of the Republic of Bashkortostan by children and adolescents was analyzed based on statistical form No. 12 “Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the service area of a medical organization” for the period from 2016 to 2022.
Results. In the structure of the overall incidence of myopia in children and adolescents of the Republic of Bashkortostan for 2016-2022, an increase of 3.8% was noted, while the primary incidence of those examined aged 15 to 17 increased from 3546.7 per 100,000 population of the corresponding age in 2016 to 4493.1 in 2022, growth rate - 26.7%; in the age group from 0 to 14 years, on the contrary, a decrease was noted (the rate of decline was 4.5%). Differences in the structure of myopia in the studied age groups are due to complex etiopathogenetic factors in the formation of myopia and age-related characteristics of visual functions against an extremely early start of media resources use by children and adolescents, and the excessively intense impact of mobile devices on the visual and neuropsychic functions of the child. The results are analyzed taking into account age-related characteristics of eye growth and development, as well as modern neuro-ophthalmological concepts about the role of neural mechanisms in the formation of myopia.

The study aimed to analyze reconstructive plastic surgeries in patients with eyelid injuries.
Material and methods. The observation group included 91 patients with consequences of mechanical eyelid trauma. Among them, isolated unilateral injury to the upper eyelid was noted in 60 cases, unilateral injury to the lower eyelid – in 31 cases. The age of the patients ranged from 5 to 46 years old. Children from 5 to 12 years old made up 13% of all victims, adolescents and young men – 27%, young and mature patients – 60%. The duration of the injury ranged from six months to six years. In most situations, the cause of injury was car accidents, domestic and street incidents. Post-traumatic changes in the eyelids consisted of scar deformities and defects. In 20% of cases, the damage was extensive, occupying an area of more than half an eyelid, in 36% – half an eyelid, in 44% – at least a third of the area of an eyelid. Reconstructive surgeries included the use of allogeneic grafts in combination with skin grafting and free skin grafting.
The results of the operations demonstrated the high efficiency of the proposed methods. In the long term, restoration of the anatomical position and function of the eyelid, the shape and size of the palpebral fissure of the operated eye, and the achievement of symmetry relative to the contralateral side in the majority of observed patients were noted.

Purpose. Development and analysis of parameters of the anterior segment of the eye to evaluate the results of phacoemulsification with implantation volume- changing “Torsion” IOL based on UBM data.
Material and methods. UBM of the eye was performed before and after phacoemulsification. We analyzed the parameters of the anterior segment of the eye, which demonstrate the degree of preservation of the preoperative values of the parameters of the structure of the anterior segment of the eye using the example of the volume- changing Torsion IOL.
Results. The case demonstrates the correct endocapsular position of the volume- changing IOL in the CB with preservation of its shape and preoperative parameters. Analysis of a number of proposed UBM parameters showed their consistency in assessing the effectiveness of the design of this IOL model in comparison with the native lens and can be used to optimize and develop new designs of volume- changing IOLs.
Conclusions. New parameters have been developed to assess the condition of a number of structures of the anterior segment of the eye in patients after surgical treatment of cataracts and implantation of the volume- changing Torsion IOL according to data of UBM. New parameters will allow for a more accurate quantitative and qualitative assessment of the degree of volume replacement of the native lens.

Phacoemulsification with floppy iris syndrome can be complicated by trauma of the iris, excessive loss of corneal endothelial cells, perforation of the posterior capsule of the lens and postoperative inflammatory reactions.
The purpose of this study is to optimize the phacoemulsification technique for floppy iris syndrome at various stages of the operation, aimed at reducing the risk of complications.
Material and methods. The study included 38 patients (38 eyes) of the eye microsurgery department (adult) GOZ VOKB No. 1, Volgograd, who were diagnosed intraoperatively with SAR of varying severity.
Results. A method for preventing iris prolapse at the stage of removing cortical masses is proposed, which is characterized by ease of implementation, does not require additional devices and allows one to avoid intraoperative trauma to the iris and cornea. The method consists of mechanical occlusion of the main tunnel incision of the cornea, as a result of which the filtration of the irrigation solution through the surgical wound stops, the position of the iris is stabilized, and its fall out of the tunnel along the pressure gradient stops. In the first version of the method, occlusion is achieved by applying a temporary interrupted suture. The second option involves installing in a tunnel a cellulose occluder, previously modeled from a microsurgical tupffer.
Conclusion. In patients operated on using these surgical techniques, the operation and postoperative period proceeded favorably with a minimum number of complications.

Objective – to compare the safety of intracameral endophthalmitis prevention after phacoemulsification compared to control group.
Material and methods. A comparative cohort study was conducted, with the main group receiving 1 mg of cefuroxime injected into the anterior chamber at the end of surgery, and the control group receiving no intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis.
Results. Clinical and functional outcomes did not differ between the two groups in terms of visual acuity levels at 1, 7, and 28 days after cataract phacoemulsification. Acute postoperative endophthalmitis was recorded in one patient in the main group (0.051%) and in eight patients in the control group (0.182%), with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.4629). During 24 hours post-surgery, 7 patients in the main group were diagnosed with specific complications resulting from intracameral administration of cefuroxime. These complications manifested as serous retinal detachment with macular oedema, which accounted for 0.35% of cases. No such cases were found in the control group (p=0.0002). The condition was resolved within 7 days after standard topical anti-inflammatory therapy.
Conclusion. The present study reveals new findings regarding the safety of intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis in cataract surgery.

Cataract phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation (IOL) is the most common method of cataract treatment. One of the complications associated with the loss of IOL transparency and deterioration of visual functions is the formation of microvacuoles (10-20 µm) filled with liquid in the lens. This process is called glistening. The article presents the main causes of glistening: temperature fluctuations during the production or storage of IOLs; water absorption by the material due to the incompleteness of the implant polymerization process; the difference in osmotic pressure between the cavities in the material itself and the liquid in which the IOL is located after implantation. The negative effect of this complication on visual acuity and retinal contrast sensitivity is described. A promising direction to prevent glistening is the search for new materials used for the production of IOLs.

The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative assessment of spectrofluorimetric indicators of the limbal zone in the treatment of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma with the drug latanoprost of domestic and foreign production.
Material and methods. 62 patients (62 eyes) with newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma were randomized into 2 groups depending on the domestic and foreign drug latanoprost used for 1 month. Patients underwent a comprehensive examination, including visometry, biomicroscopy, Maklakov tonometry (10.0), computer perimetry, optical coherence tomography with examination of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of the optic nerve head, and spectrofluorimetric examination of the limbal area.
Results. In the study groups, the achieved hypotensive effect after 1 month of instillation was 28-30% of the initial IOP level. Computed perimetry and retinal optical coherence tomography (RNFL) data indicate stabilization of glaucomatous opticopathy. The effect on the hypoxic state of the limbal zone after instillation of latanoprost was also recorded; no significant differences in clinical groups between foreign and domestic drugs were noted.
Conclusion. Spectrofluorimetric indicators of the limbal zone reflect the hypoxic effect of latanoprost, regardless of production.

The aim is to study the effect of long-term treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) on the success of glaucoma surgery after 8-years time.
Material and methods. The study included patients with POAG who had been using antihypertensive treatment for a long time and who had been operated on for glaucoma. Patients were divided into 5 groups according to the antihypertensive drugs used: group 1 – prostaglandin analogues (PA); group 2 –beta blockers (BB); group 3 – fixed combinations (FC) of PA and BB; group 4 – FC carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and BB; group 5 – maximum drug glaucoma therapy. Stabilization of intraocular pressure (IOP) and mean deviation index (MD) were assessed 8 years after the surgery.
Results. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was stabilized in 31 patients (77.5%) over an 8-year period. Statistically significant differences in this indicator were found in groups of patients, who used PAs for a long time in monotherapy and in the form of fixed combinations. Progression of the MD index according to computer perimetry data was noted in all study groups during the assessed period, but the differences in the indicators were not statistically significant.
Conclusion. A stable hypotensive effect of antiglaucomatous operations (AGO) was achieved in the group of patients who used PA before surgery. Long-term use of antihypertensive drugs leads to failure of AGO in 32.1% of cases, expressed in the development of active scarring of the filtration zone and vascularization of the surgical area.

Primary congenital glaucoma is a rare disease caused by genetically determined abnormalities of the trabecular meshwork and anterior chamber angle, leading to increased intraocular pressure, without other ocular or systemic developmental abnormalities. The study of the genetic cause of the disease is relevant, as it plays an important role in diagnosis, treatment and, in some cases, provides information about the prognosis of the disease during genetic counseling and testing.
The article presents a review of scientific publications devoted to the study of primary congenital glaucoma. A detailed description of the genes associated with the disease is presented, the mechanisms of damage to the structures of the eye in molecular genetic disorders characteristic of this pathology and clinical manifestations of primary congenital glaucoma are considered. The molecular genetic etiopathogenesis of this disease is complex and has not been fully studied yet. CYP1B1 was the first recorded gene causing primary congenital glaucoma, located at the GLC3A locus, however, the proven genetic heterogeneity of the disease led to the identification of causal loci GLC3B, GLC3C, GLC3D, GLC3E. Additional studies are required to prove the alleged association of the genotype and phenotype of congenital glaucoma.

It is important to identify neoplasms of the vascular membrane at the early stages of development, for which it is necessary to have an idea of their prevalence in the region and know the risk groups.
The purpose of the work: to analyze the dynamics of the prevalence of vascular tumors in the Orenburg region in 2017-2020, to assess its structure, to identify risk groups.
Material and methods. A retrospective study of the databases of the Orenburg Territorial Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund (TF MHI) was conducted, cases of complaints about benign (D31.3) and malignant (C69.3) neoplasms of the vascular membrane in 2017-2020. Their prevalence is calculated.
Results. Over the period 2017-2019, the number of cases of applying for MP increased with an increase rate of 13.9%. The prevalence of oncopathology in the region also increased in 2019 compared to 2017 and decreased sharply in 2020. In the structure of prevalence, the proportion of women prevailed over men (p=0.04). Vascular tumors were most often found in the age group over 60 years old.
Conclusions. The prevalence of vascular neoplasms is increasing in the Orenburg region. At the same time, the proportion of malignant tumors decreases and the proportion of benign neoplasms of the vascular membrane increases in the overall structure of complaints about neoplasms. The risk groups are women and people over 60 years of age.

Retinopathy of prematurity is an eye pathology characterized by newly formed retinal vessels associated with a violation of normal retinal vasculogenesis, which was not completed by the time of premature birth.
The aim of the study is to develop a risk scale for retinopathy of prematurity through the use of machine learning.
Material and methods. The study provides data on the analysis of the somatic status of the newborn and the obstetric history of the mother of 82 premature infants with developed retinopathy of prematurity, observed in the consulting and diagnostic room of the pediatric ophthalmology department of the children's hospital of the GBUZ TO OKB No. 2 in 2021.
Results. The main risk factors for the peculiarities of the somatic status of the newborn, depending on the significance, were coronavirus infection, sepsis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The peculiarities of the obstetric history of the mother are hepatitis, infertility, and the threat of miscarriage.
Conclusions. A risk scale for the development of retinopathy of prematurity has been developed, which includes three characteristics of the risk of developing the disease (low, medium, high) and an indicator of the absence of risk of development.

Up-to-date research show that individual chronotype depends on both genetic and social determinants and can be associated with an increased risk of numerous diseases, including eye diseases (glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, myopia, etc).
The aim. In this pilot work, the relationship of the chronotype of uveal patients was studied in comparison with other co-factors of this pathology.
Material and methods. Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, MCTQ was completed by 39 patients admitted to the 2nd State Regional Hospital in Tyumen city because of uveitis. Taking into account gender, the assessment of sleep duration on working days and on free days was carried out, the adjusted sleep phase (chronotype) was determined, and the severity of social "jetlag" was calculated.
Results. According to the results of the study, in 87% of patients with uveitis chronotype was modified by social component, i.e. was dependent on an alarm clock on working days with an evident social "jetlag".
Conclusion. The relationship of the later chronotype with a higher body mass index has been established.

Toxic posterior segment syndrome (TPSS) is a term that has been mentioned in a number of publications on postoperative inflammatory complications since 2009. It is used to describe a variety of complications of cataract and vitreoretinal surgery, as well as intravitreal administration of drugs that lead to the damage of the vitreous body, retina and optic nerve. Due to the variety of clinical manifestations and lack of a unified treatment, the registration and study of suspicious incidents, as well as the development of preventive measures, are of particular importance. Toxic reactions, along with infectious and immune-mediated inflammatory complications, are a serious problem in modern ophthalmology.

Retinal vein occlusion is one of the leading causes of vision loss in developed countries. The key role in the pathogenesis of retinal vein occlusion plays Wirchow’s triad that includes vessels wall injury, local blood circulation impairment and hypercoagulatin. The above-mentioned disorders develop under the influence of various risk factors and their combinations. Arterial hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus are qualified as the independent risk factors for retinal vein occlusion. In the absence of the above-mentioned factors and in case of bilateral retinal vein occlusion or positive history for thromboembolic events thrombophilia and hyperhomocysteinemia should be ruled out. In certain cases retinal vein occlusion could develop secondary to systemic connective tissue disorders and infectious diseases (HIV, viral hepatitis, novel coronavirus disease) that are accompanied by retinal vasculitis.

The aim of the study was to study the density of the vessels of the optic nerve disc in patients after vitrectomy using ultrasonic and guillotine vitreotomy of caliber 25G and compare the two methods with each other. OCT angiograms of patients who underwent ultrasonic (n=43) and guillotine (n=42) vitrectomy were analyzed at the time: before surgery and for 12 months after it. Vascular density was studied over the entire area of the optic disc, with the exception of large vessels – an indicator of whole image small vessels density.
Results. According to the results of the analysis, there were no statistically significant intergroup differences (p≥0.05), and changes in indicators in dynamics were similar. On the 7th day after surgery, vascular density decreased in the main group (1) from 48.83±4.05 (before surgery) to 43.17±4.43, in the control group (2) from 44.97±5.25 (before surgery) to 42.49±4.18 (p>0.05). By the end of the 4th week, the indicators increased slightly to 44.43±3.86 (1) and 43.49±7.90 (2), respectively; for the 3rd month, they remained at the same level: 44.01±3.94 (1) and 44.57±5.51 (2) (p>0.05); For the 12th month, they decreased to 44.09±5.17 (1) and 38.84±7.14 (2) (p>0.05).
Conclusion. The data obtained suggest that the compared methods have a similar effect on the microcirculation of the optic disc.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment often occurs due to the formation of valve-shaped tears. Barrier laser coagulation plays an important role in blocking ruptures and preventing the spread of retinal detachment.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of retinal barrier laser coagulation in patients with fresh retinal valveshaped ruptures.
Material and methods. A series of cases with acute posterior vitreous detachment and valve-shaped retinal tears in 14 patients (14 eyes) of 38-67 y.o. were analyzed. The terms of seeking ophthalmological care ranged from 1 to 7 days. All patients underwent retinal barrier laser coagulation.
Results. Laser barrage was effective in all cases, and the valve-shaped ruptures were stably blocked. Progressing of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was not noted in any case.
Conclusion. The efficacy of isolated and timely performed barrier laser coagulation for valve-shaped tears depends on the freshness of the rupture, the presence of vitreoretinal adhesions in the area of the valve-shaped tear, and the area of retinal detachment. All these points are largely determined by the timing of patients' requests for ophthalmologic care.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of surgical treatment of acute postoperative endophthalmitis using recombinant prourokinase.
Material and methods. The study involved 5 patients from a case series of acute endophthalmitis after cataract surgery. In all patients, signs of endophthalmitis appeared 3-4 days after surgery. All patients underwent microinvasive subtotal vitrectomy on the day of referring without inducing posterior detachment of the hyaloid membrane with intravitreal injection at the end of the operation of a combination of an antibiotic and recombinant prourokinase.
Results. On the first day after surgery, all patients had severe inflammatory manifestations, which completely disappeared on the 7th day. Maximum corrected visual acuity (MCVA) after 1 month was: 0.7 in 1 patient, 0.8 in 1 patient, 1.0 in 3 patients.
Conclusion. The use of recombinant prourokinase in combination with intravitreal antibiotics and vitrectomy demonstrated good results in relieving the inflammatory process with high functional indicators according to MCVA and the absence of postoperative complications during follow-up periods of up to 1 month.