Malignant diseases of the female reproductive system remain one of the leading causes of death among women due to late diagnosis and limited effectiveness of standard treatment methods. Current studies focus on the molecular mechanisms of disease progression, including angiogenesis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of angiogenesis, hypoxia, and matrix metalloproteinase factors in locally advanced resistant ovarian cancer and breast cancer.

Material and methods. The study was conducted on tissue samples from patients with serous ovarian adenocarcinoma (stages II–III) or ductal breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the expression of VEGF, ANGP2, HIF-1a, and MMP12. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation analysis.

Results. We have noted a significant increase in the expression of VEGF, ANGP2 and HIF-1a in tumor and surrounding tissues, as well as a decrease in the expression of MMP12 in the vascular endothelium. This indicates a significant role of angiogenesis in the progression of the disease and the possibility of its use as a therapeutic target.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the technique of intraoperative fluorescent imaging of lymph nodes during robotassisted radical cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer. The study also aimed to analyze morphological characteristics of the removed lymph nodes and to compare the results of the histological examination with the data obtained during the operation using visualization.

Material and methods. The clinical prospective trial was performed at the Urology Department of the Bashkir State Medical University Clinic and included 28 patients who were diagnosed with bladder cancer based on the results of cystoscopy and transurethral resection of the tumor. All participants underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy with extended pelvic lymphodissection and intracorporeal ileal urinary drainage using the Bricker technique under intraoperative fluorescent navigation.

During pelvic lymphadenectomy, intraoperative assessment of the extracted lymph nodes was performed using indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging to identify signaling lymph nodes. All the removed nodes were sent for histological examination, the results of which were analyzed taking into account the data obtained during surgery.

Results. The use of intraoperative fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green revealed signaling lymph nodes in 7 out of 9 patients (77.8%, p<0.05). The sensitivity of the method was 77.8% (p<0.05), and the specificity reached 87.5% (p<0.05), which indicates its high diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the high reliability of the method of intraoperative imaging of lymph nodes using indocyanine green in patients suffering from muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The use of fluorescent navigation in oncosurgery expands the possibilities of improving the quality of perioperative management and helps to reduce the frequency of postoperative complications.

During pregnancy, the number and phenotype of various microvesicles varies significantly, especially in the presence of preeclampsia. It is known that placental microvesicles are able to penetrate the fetus, but the issue of the effect of the level of placental microvesicles on the fetus has not been sufficiently studied.

Aim. To study the phenotype of microvesicles in cord blood and the correlation of their level with the condition of newborns from females with preeclampsia.

Material and methods. A cross-sectional cohort study was conducted, including 105 newborns: 30 from mothers with severe preeclampsia and 35 with moderate, 40 from pregnant women without hypertensive syndrome. The level of circulating microvesicles was determined in cord blood using flow cytofluorimetry.

Results. Circulation of placental-type microvesicles and tissue factor microvesicles was detected in cord blood, the amount of which statistically significantly differed in the study groups depending on the severity of preeclampsia. A relationship was also established between the level of placental microvesicles and birth weight.

Conclusion. A relationship was established between the phenotype of cord blood microvesicles, the condition of newborns, their weight and the presence of preeclampsia in mothers.

Abstract. Insulin resistance increases the risk of developing chronic complications of type 1 diabetes.

Aim. To develop and validate a method to determine insulin resistance in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus based on an assessment of insulin sensitivity.

Material and methods. 317 adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and disease duration of more than a year were studied. Insulin sensitivity was calculated using the equations of Williams K.V, Epstein E.J., Thorn L.M., Dabelea D., Duca L.M., ZhengX. The cut-off points were determined using ROCanalysis.

Results. In the ROC analysis, insulin sensitivity determined by the Dabelea D. equation demonstrated the highest sensitivity and specificity values for the studied group of men (≤5.02 mg/kg/min, 100% and 93%, respectively) and females (≤5.64 mg/kg/min, 90.0% and 96.7%, respectively).

Conclusion. The Dabelea D. equation can be used in routine clinical practice to detect insulin resistance in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The article studies the state of the immunological system and builds a ROC model for the analysis of immune dysregulation with persistent rhinitis in young patients. The study was conducted at the Federal State Budgetary Institution «301 VKG of the Ministry of Defense» in Khabarovsk for the period 2019-2021.

The purpose of the study to identify imbalances in the immune system in young patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI), and to develop a mathematical model of ROC analysis to use at the stages of hospitalization.

Material and methods. The study included 120 patients, 90 of whom had clinical manifestations of ARI of various etiologies and 30 were healthy young people. Verification of ARI was carried out by the PCR method, and the concentrations of immunological factors were also determined using ELISA methods.

Results and discussion. In the discriminatory analysis of statistical processing, only 13 clinical and laboratory parameters were identified as factors determining the development of immune dysregulation with persistence of rhinitis (p <0.001). For the selected parameters, diagnostic values were calculated and a mathematical model of the immune dysregulation model with persistence of rhinitis was constructed, which has a high level of reliability – 95%.

Conclusion. The ROC model of immune dysregulation analysis with a risk ≥ 80.0% will form an imbalance of immunological factors (MCP-1 (CCL2) levels ≥ 360.0 ng/ml & IL-8 ≥ 10.9 pg/ml) affecting the persistence of rhinitis and the likelihood of developing a relapse of the disease, the so-called positive result.

On the first day after a burn injury, it is difficult to diagnose acute kidney injury (AKI), which requires the search for new biomarkers that can indicate the onset of kidney damage. A modern trend in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury is the study of the level of new biomarkers that can identify the subclinical form of AKI and reflect the dynamics of the renal parenchyma at different stages of the course of burn disease. In this context, albumin, β2-microglobulin, and cystatin C, which are detectable in urine, are of the greatest interest.

Objective. To analyze dynamic changes in urine levels of albumin, β2-microglobulin, and cystatin C at different stages of burn disease in patients with thermal trauma.

Material and methods. This study involved 74 patients with severe skin burns. Protein concentration was studied by multiplex analysis on a flow cytofluorimeter.

Results. The new biomarkers demonstrated a multiple increase in concentration at all stages of burn disease.

Conclusions. The studied proteins can serve as a predictor of the development of acute kidney injury at all stages of burn disease.

The aim of the work was to study the relationship between dysbiosis of the large intestine and diseases belonging to the group of CMP (true polycythemia, essential polycythemia, myelofibrosis, chronic monocytic leukemia).

Material and methods. The studied group included 110 patients of both sexes who applied to the BSMU Clinic (Ufa) during January 2024 to January 2025. Microflora of the large intestine was analyzed by real-time PCR using the COLONOFLOR-16 test system.

The results of the studies showed a significant change in the microbiota in 91.82% of the subjects: a decrease in the number of commensal microorganisms Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, as well as an increase in the titer of Enterobacter spp. and the coefficient of anaerobic imbalance, which possibly indicates a relationship with chronic inflammation and immunodeficiency in patients against the conducted therapy.

Chronic abacterial prostatitis (CAP) or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is one of the most common diseases in the practice of any urologist. The psychosomatic status of a patient with CAP/CPPS significantly affects the effectiveness of the therapy and the risk of relapse of the disease.

Objective. To assess the psychological status of patients with CAP/CPPS during and after therapy.

Material and methods. The study included 62 patients with an established diagnosis of CAP. The patients were randomized according to the method of shock wave therapy (ESWT) into the main (n=32) and control (n=30) groups. The psychological status of patients was assessed at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The results were processed statistically, the differences were considered significant at a probability of occurrence of more than 95% (p<0.05).

Results. There were no differences in age, prostate volume, uroflowmetry and symptoms assessed by the IPSS, IIEF5, LANNS, NIH-CPSI questionnaires, and voiding diary in the study groups (p> 0.05). Moderate and high severity of LUTS, pain syndrome, erectile function and anxiety-depressive syndrome in both observation groups is noteworthy. Before the start of therapy, patients in both groups had severe symptoms in the anxiety and depression domains of HADS: 15±6 and 17±3 for the main and 17±3 and 18±3 for the control observation groups, respectively (p> 0.05). Further dynamics was characterized by a decrease in symptoms. In the main observation group more pronounced positive dynamics was recorded with regression and subsequent stabilization at the level of mild in the domains of anxiety and depression of the HADS scale already in the 2nd week of the experiment (p<0.05).

Conclusion. Thus, patients with exacerbation of CAP have clinically significant anxiety-depressive syndromes, which tend to be relieved against the background of CAP therapy. The rate and degree of reduction of anxiety-depressive symptoms depend, among other things, on the options of the therapy. Reducing the intensity of the ESWT session in our study had a positive effect. A comprehensive approach to normalizing the psychosomatic status of patients with CAP is required.

Obtaining qualitative and quantitative data on the anatomy of the eyeball and orbit in a second-trimester fetus is the basis for developing surgical methods for correcting anomalies in utero.

Objective. To identify the features of the anatomy of the eyeball and orbit in human prenatal ontogenesis.

Material and methods. The study was conducted on a complex of anatomical structures «eyeball orbit» of 100 human fetuses of the second trimester of both sexes using morphological methods (classical anatomical study) and the method of intravital visualization.

Results. The eyeball is formed in the second trimester, its size averages from 8.36 ± 2.01 mm to 8.85 ± 2.37 mm. In a secondtrimester fetus, the eyeball consists of three membranes (fibrous, vascular and internal), the ratio of their thickness by the end of the second trimester is 53%, 25%, 22%, respectively. One of the features of fetal development is a change in the position of the eyeball in the orbit.

Conclusion. The features of the development of the anatomy of the eyeball and orbit in the second trimester have practical significance for the manifestation of feto-anomalous alertness and contribute to the development of microsurgical techniques.

In recent years, there has been an increased interest in cell-based technologies, especially multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from the stromal-vascular fraction (SVF) of autologous adipose tissue, because of their regenerative properties. These cells have a unique ability to differentiate and can contribute to the repair of damaged tissues, which makes them promising in the field of surgery and regenerative medicine. In this regard, there is a need to study their use in clinical practice, especially in the context of the treatment of urethral strictures, which can significantly impair the quality of life of patients.

Purpose of the study. To create a model of the urethral stricture in male rabbits of the Chinchilla breed. To evaluate morphological changes occurring in the anastomosis zone during urethroplasty of the oral mucosa with and without the use of SVF obtained from autologous adipose tissue.

Material and methods. At the first stage, urethral stricture was modeled in rabbits and diagnosed by retrograde urethrography after one month time.

At the second stage, the rabbits were divided into two groups: the main group, which underwent oral mucosa augmentation urethroplasty with SVF injection, and the comparison group, which underwent oral mucosa augmentation urethroplasty. Histomorphologic evaluation was performed at 7, 15, 30, and 60 days postoperatively.

Results. Histomorphologic analysis showed that the introduction of SVF in the anastomosis zone promotes a decrease in the severity of inflammation, an increase in the number of vessels and earlier recovery of the urethral mucosal epithelium.

Conclusion. Experimental data confirm that SVF reduces the severity of scarring, activating angiogenesis and providing regenerative and immunomodulatory effects, which allows to apply the results obtained into clinical practice.

Objective. To study the effect of gem-nitrochloro derivatives of oleanane triterpenoids on the cell viability of human monocytes. Material and methods. In the course of standard experiments to assess cell viability using the Alamar Blue reagent and the Tecan Spark 10M plate reader, the cytotoxic activity of semisynthetic triterpenoids was analyzed against human monocytes in the range of effective concentrations of 10-0.001 μM.

Results. The experimental study showed that at concentrations of 10-0.001 μM, the test compounds do not cause cell death and have virtually no effect on the viability of monocytes. At the same time, the 3R-nitrochloro derivative based on oleanolic acid showed the maximum effect of stimulating cell proliferation at a concentration of 1 μM, resulting in an increase in their viability under experimental conditions. In this case, a concentration range of 10-0.001 μM was determined, in which there was no cytotoxic effect. This range is wide for representatives of this class of substances and exceeds that of the known anti-inflammatory agents such as methyl bardoxolone and omaveloxolone, which exhibit their protective effect only in nM concentrations, and at μM concentrations they have cytotoxicity.

Conclusion. Based on the conducted study, it can be concluded that there is no cytotoxicity of gem-nitrochloro derivatives of triterpenoids against human monocytes. The data obtained also indicate their suitability for further study as protective agents for combating inflammatory reactions.

Prostatitis is the most common disease of the prostate, surpassing benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and prostate cancer in morbidity.

Chronic abacterial prostatitis (CAP) or chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) accounts for more than 90% of patients with prostatitis.

Objective is to evaluate the effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum extract on morphological changes in the prostate and bladder in an experimental model of CAP/CPPS.

Material and methods. The experiment was performed on 75 male rats weighing 255±38 g in compliance with the rules for handling experimental animals. The CPPS model was implemented in 60 animals (certificate No. 651 on registration as know-how «Method for modeling chronic abacterial prostatitis»). The animals were randomly divided into the main group (MG, n=40, received Bryophyllum pinnatum enterally 100 mg/kg/day), the positive control group (PC, n=20, CPPS model without treatment) and the negative control group (NC, n=15, anesthesia was performed without CPPS modelling). On the 2^nd and 4^th weeks, ½ of each group was withdrawn from the experiment, the bladder and prostate were taken for morphological examination, the absolute and relative dynamics of their weight at the control points were recorded. The obtained data were processed statistically; the differences were considered reliable when the probability of occurrence of an event was more than 95% (р<0,05).

Results and discussion. In animals of the experimental observation groups, a statistically significant delay in weight gain was recorded at both control points compared to the NC group (p<0.01). Bryophyllum pinnatum extract did not statistically affect the body weight deficit, but significantly reduced both the absolute and relative weight of the bladder and prostate gland (p<0.05). We recorded both a decrease in inflammatory agranulocytic infiltration of the interacinar spaces of the prostate and the submucosal layer of the bladder wall in the MG compared to the PC group (p<0.01). In addition, the use of Bryophyllum pinnatum extract is associated with its antiproliferative effect on the urothelium of the bladder and the acinar epithelium of the prostate glands.

Conclusion: Thus, Bryophyllum pinnate extract exhibits antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects, which should be associated with the pathogenetic effect on CAP/CPPS in the experimental model.

The purpose of the study. The study of conditions for obtaining a dry extract from herb of Thlaspi arvense L.

Material and methods. The herb of Thlaspi arvense L. harvested in the Republic of Bashkortostan was used as an object of research. The selection of optimal parameters for the extraction of the amount of biologically active substances from the herb of the Thlaspi arvense L was carried out using a pharmacopoeial method for the quantitative determination of extractive substances (single extraction).

Results. During the study, the most effective conditions for the extraction of biologically active substances from the herb of the Thlaspi arvense L. were determined. For maximum efficiency of extraction of the target components, it is recommended to use: extractant 70% ethyl alcohol; the optimal particle size of the raw material should be 2 mm; the ratio of solid (raw material) and liquid (extractant) phases – 1:50; the system reaches an equilibrium state at a temperature of 80-90°C 60 minutes after the first phase contact and within 30 minutes after two subsequent contacts. As a result, triple extraction is optimal, in which it is possible to extract the main components by 80-90% of the original.

Conclusions. Based on the conducted research, a method has been proposed for obtaining a dry extract from the herb of the Thlaspi arvense L. using 70% ethyl alcohol as an extractant. The data obtained are the basis for further development of a rational dosage form from the herb of the Thlaspi arvense L., as a promising source of valuable biologically active substances, and subsequent possible introduction into the practice of official medicine.

Stem parasites include field Cuscuta campestris Yunck. The purpose of this work was to study the qualitative and quantitative composition of free amino acids in C. campestris collected from different host plants.

Material and methods. Free amino acids were identified by ascending paper chromatography using standard sample solutions. To quantify the amount of free amino acids, a spectrophotometric analysis method with ninhydrin was used in terms of glutamic acid.

Results. The quantitative content of the sum of amino acids in aqueous extracts of Cuscuta — Beta, Cuscuta — Alhagi and Cuscuta — Leucanthemum is 2,25±0,08%; 4,21±0,11% and 2,54±0,09%, respectively. It was found that the content of amino acids in dodder stems is higher than in host plants: for Cuscuta — Beta by 1.58 times; Cuscuta — Alhagi 1.84 times; Cuscuta — Leucanthemum 1.83 times.

The high incidence of ophthalmological diseases in children, including the increase in refractive errors and oculomotor system pathologies, is a pressing medical and social problem.

Objective. To analyze the structure of ophthalmological diseases and specialized inpatient ophthalmological care for the pediatric population of the Republic of Bashkortostan for the period 2021-2023.

Material and methods. Analysis of federal monitoring reporting forms for 2021-2023, as well as reporting data from the Ufa Eye Research Institute was conducted.

Results. The prevalence of general ophthalmological morbidity in 2021 was 12184.6 per 100 thousand children's population of the Republic of Bashkortostan, in 2022 and 2023 14412.1 and 15610.9, respectively, which exceeds the average level in the Russian Federation – 11903.7. The predominance of myopia in the structure of ophthalmic diseases makes it necessary to take preventive measures to prevent the development and progression of this disease. Hospital patient capacity per 10 thousand children in the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2023 was 0.379, which is significantly lower than the average data for the Russian Federation – 0.67.

Conclusions. The most common cause of visual disability in children is optic nerve atrophy, the second is high complicated myopia. In the structure of ophthalmological diseases in the Republic of Bashkortostan, myopia is in the first place.

In case of pathology of the nasolacrimal apparatus, probing and modern methods of surgical treatment are carried out, such as transcanalicular endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy using stents, which helps to prevent the development of relapses.

The aim of our work was to assess the incidence of intraocular neoplasms based on clinical and morphological studies, as well as to consider complex clinical cases of uveal melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body.

Material and methods. The analysis of the results of a clinical and histological examination of surgical biopsy material collected on the basis of the Russian Center for Eye and Plastic Surgery, Bashkir State Medical University in the period from 2019 to 2021 was carried out.

Results. 160 protocols of lifetime pathoanatomic examination of biopsy material with neoplasms of the eye and its appendages were studied. Intraocular tumors were observed in 29 patients, which is 18.1%. Of these, benign tumors accounted for 14%, retinoblastoma was diagnosed in 17% of cases, and pigmented melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body, which accounted for 69%, was also detected.

Conclusions. Based on the data obtained, we concluded that uveal melanoma accounts for 12% of the overall oncopathology structure, but among malignant intraocular neoplasms, it was present in 69% of cases. This article also discusses clinical cases of uveal melanoma of the choroid and ciliary body in order to increase cancer awareness in the practice of an ophthalmologist.

Coronavirus infection COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus possesses a wide range of clinical manifestations, including severe forms of the disease in children and infants. The paper describes a case report of an infant admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 symptoms, emphasizing the significance of early diagnosis and interdisciplinary care.

From the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic it has been noted that in most cases children have a light course of the disease. But in a group of patients. Including infants, the course of the disease is severe. Comorbid illnesses such as congenital heart defect and heart beat disorders significantly worsen the prognosis.

The paper presents two clinical cases involving the diagnosis and extraction of unexploded ordnance from the bodies of servicemen in the field hospital of the Russian Airborne Forces under the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation. Prior to the special military operation, no more than 36 cases of unexploded explosive munitions penetrating the human body had been described in available literature. We observed two wounded soldiers admitted to our hospital with unexploded ordnance – an unexploded grenade launcher fragmentation round and a 30-mm projectile, located in the soft tissues of the chest and thigh, respectively.

Such a clinical scenario requires urgent measures to remove the munition while preventing detonation to save the wounded soldier’s life and ensure the safety of medical personnel. Extracting an unexploded munition from a human body demands meticulous preparation, strict adherence to safety protocols, and the use of protective gear, which may hinder motor skills and restrict surgeons’ movements during the operation. It is also worth noting that medical personnel endure extreme psychological and emotional stress. This requires the surgical team to demonstrate courage, composure, and specialized knowledge in mine-explosive engineering.

The review article is devoted to current ideas about the advantages of using prostaglandin E1 drugs in the complex treatment of patients with various inflammatory and purulent-destructive diseases by the method of long-term intra-arterial perfusion. The study of the available literature on the benefits of intra-arterial access of drugs and the main therapeutic effects of prostaglandin-type drugs was carried out. The main areas of application of PGE1 in the treatment of patients with diseases associated with tissue ischemia have been identified.

The main mechanism of formation of acute kidney injury of any etiology is decrease of kidney blood supply. The subject of study in destructive forms of acute purulent pyelonephritis is the state of renal hemodynamics. In experimental and then in clinical studies, a wide range of mechanisms of PGE1 action have been shown, many of which underlie the therapeutic effect of prostaglandin-type drugs.

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common tumors of the urinary tract, ranking sixth among malignancies in developed countries. According to GLOBOCAN 2020, 573,000 new cases and 213,000 deaths connected with BC were reported globally. In the Russian Federation, 11,000-15,000 new cases are diagnosed annually, accounting for 3-4% of all cancer cases, with men being 4.5 times more likely to develop BC than women.

The majority of cases are non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), with a five-year survival rate of approximately 90%, but a recurrence rate of 50-70%. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) has a five-year survival rate of 50-60% following radical cystectomy, which decreases to 5–10% in metastatic stages. Major risk factors include smoking (50-65% of cases), occupational exposure to carcinogens, and chronic inflammatory conditions.

Current treatments include transurethral resection (TUR), BCG therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. Targeted agents such as enfortumab vedotin and erdafitinib improve overall survival, reaching 26.1 months in combination with pembrolizumab. Future research focuses on advancing molecular profiling, improving organ-preserving strategies, and developing combined immunotherapy approaches.