Lung cancer occupies the top rank among all cancers. Non-small cell lung cancer is its most frequent histotype. One of the main therapeutic targets in this disease is ALK translocations.
The aim of the study. To describe the algorithms of examination of patients with this nosology in the Republic of Bashkortostan and to analyze the prevalence of ALK-translocation in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with assessment of therapy efficacy.
Material and methods. The material of the study was tumor of patients coming for research from the Republican Clinical Oncologic Dispensary. Immunohistochemistry and FISH were the methods of the study. Data on patients' response to therapy were taken from patients' medical records.
Results. The results of the study showed that 5.1% of patients were ALK positive, demonstrating an average prevalence of ALK gene rearrangement in our population compared to literature data. However, therapy does not have a long-term response for all patients.
Conclusion. For patients who do not show a satisfactory therapeutic response, the use of molecular genetic testing to search for resistance mutations may be promising, which will allow a more correct selection of the next line of treatment.

A decreased synthetic liver function, caused by cirrhosis of various etiologies, leads to significant changes in the body component composition. Patients suffering from compensated cirrhosis already have changes in muscular and fat components with an increased risk of developing sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. At this stage cirrhosis mostly does not affect the level of the mineral body component, however it does not exclude strict monitoring of this parameter. Inclusion of these parameters in cirrhotic prognostic scales may lead to more profound assessment of the degree of systemic changes due liver injures.
Objective. To evaluate the nature of changes in the body component composition in cirrhotic patients and healthy people of the I and II periods of adulthood.
Material and methods. The study involved 104 patients of Hepatology Department of Sechenov University Clinical Hospital No. 2 with class A cirrhosis and 78 healthy volunteers. The measurement of anthropometric indicators was carried out by the ABC- 01 «MEDASS» device (STC «MEDASS», Russia). The statistical analysis was performed in the STATISTICA 10 program (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA).
Results. The median index of musculoskeletal mass for volunteers I and II maturity period was 53.9% [50.6-57.2%] vs 51.75% [48.9-54.6%] (p=0,003); fat mass – 19,8% [13,2-26,4%] vs 24.6% [19.2-30%] (p=0,017); mineral mass – 5,66% [5,44-5,87%] vs 5,49% [5,25-5,72%] (p=0,039), respectively. The parameters are typical for patients with class A cirrhosis. Decreased musculoskeletal mass: 45,75% [42,2-49,3%] (p=0,00002); decreased mineral mass: 5.49% [5.25-5.72%] (p=0,081); increased fat mass: 33,5% [27,1-39,9%] (p=0,048) were seen in volunteers of the second maturity period, respectively.
Conclusion. Based on the results, a decrease in muscular, an increase in fat and the preservation in mineral body component were found in class A cirrhosis according to Child-Pugh score. At the same time, in a healthy cohort, there was a decrease in the percentage of muscular component, an increase in fat component and a decrease in mineral component connected with patients’ age.

The aim of the work is to study respiratory function disorders in the early convalescent period in people after a new coronavirus infection using clinical, laboratory and functional research methods.
Material and methods. 60 patients aged 23 to 79 years old (average age 62.5±6.2 years old) with a new coronavirus infection in the early convalescent period (up to 2 months after discharge) were examined.
Results. Statistically significant differences in subgroups were found in all the studied indicators. The obtained statistical data of pulse oximetry may indicate the beginning of the development of respiratory failure in patients with severe coronavirus infection caused by both concomitant pathologies (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and may indicate the initial stage of the formation of pulmonary fibrosis.
Conclusion. As a result of the performed clinical, laboratory and functional studies in the observation group and analysis of the data obtained, a statistically significant correlation was established between the severity of the new coronavirus infection, the patient's comorbidity, age, adherence to therapy in the acute period of the disease and the functional state of the respiratory system in the early convalescent period.

Objective. To evaluate the features of echocardiographic parameters in survived patients with a new coronavirus infection depending on the presence of J-wave on the ECG in the post-acute period after 24 weeks.
Material and methods. From 386 patients admitted to COVID hospital, 47 patients with J-wave on ECG were selected. After discharge from the hospital after 24 weeks the remaining 17 survived patients with COVID-19 with J-wave made up the main group. The average age of patients was 59±4 years old (52-66), females predominated - 12 patients (70.6%). Control group - 18 people who did not have COVID-19, matched by gender and age. All underwent ECG and EchoCG.
Conclusions. Survived patients with secondary J-wave channelopathy may show signs of latent systolic dysfunction of the myocardium of the right and left ventricles with their remodeling after 24 weeks.

Aim. To study the prevalence and structure of somatic and gynecological diseases and disorders of the reproductive system of female students in the Republic of Bashkortostan, depending on their residence area.
Material and methods. The study involved 2,095 girls, with an average age of 17.78±1.02 years old. The structure of morbidity was studied using a specially created author's questionnaire.
Results. The analysis showed that the largest number of girls live in the northern and western regions of the Republic. Analysis of the anamnestic data showed the following: the average age of menarche was 12.86±1.56 years old. At the same time, primary amenorrhea was registered in 2.6% of girls, and menarche at 16 and older – 6.2% of the surveyed. The average age at the beginning of sexual activity of female students: 16.5±1.78 years old. 129 girls had an unwanted pregnancy, of which only 9 people remained pregnant. 24.1% were diagnosed with various gynecological diseases. In the structure of gynecological morbidity, the most common pathology is chronic vulvovaginitis. 44.5% of girls have a history of one or more somatic pathologies, resulting in 1.55 diseases per 1 person.

Periodontal diseases are among the pathologies associated with dysfunction of peripheral blood vessels, as a result of which, with the progression of the disease, there is a decrease in tissue perfusion with blood, which makes it difficult to remove metabolic products. In inflammatory periodontal diseases, progressive resorption of bone tissue around the tooth occurs with loss of epithelial junction. All these processes lead to tooth loss and a significant deterioration in the quality of life of elderly patients.
The aim of the study was to determine functional changes in the microcirculatory system in elderly patients with chronic generalized periodontitis (CGP), to study the effect of exposure to various types of physical stimulation on changes in the microcirculation of gum tissues in elderly patients with CGP and to develop therapeutic strategies based on the data obtained.
Material and methods. The study was conducted by the laser diagnostic device «LAZMA ST» using a peripheral blood flow analyzer at the clinic of the Department of Dentistry of the Medical Institute of Penza State University. The study involved 50 people of both sexes who were diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis K05.3. Next, patients were divided into 2 study groups by randomization of 25 people. After daily 2-time tooth brushing, patients of the first group were recommended to perform finger massage of the gum tissues from the medial and distal sides of the alveolar processes of both jaws, and participants of the second group used an oral massage device for the elderly.
Conclusions. The study showed that functional and morphological changes can occur in elderly patients with chronic generalized periodontitis in the microcirculatory tissue system of the periodontium. Physical stimulation (gum massage) helps to increase the volume of circulating blood, improves the function of microcirculation in the gums and is effective for maintaining oral health for patients of this age.
Based on a dynamic assessment of the effect of the compared physical effects on the state of the microcirculatory bed of periodontal tissues in elderly people with inflammatory periodontal diseases, treatment with a gum massage device should be considered the most effective, and therapy with finger massage should be considered the least effective.

The scientific literature lacks data on the anatomical parameters of the parotid gland associated with sexual and age variation.
The aim of the study was to study and compare the age-related anatomical parameters of the parotid gland in individuals of different genders.
Material and methods. A retrospective study of the database of computer and magnetic resonance tomograms of the heads of 92 men and 90 women was conducted. Among them, subgroups of young, middle, elderly and senile ages are distinguished. The vertical, sagittal and frontal linear dimensions were determined, as well as the volume of the parotid gland. The statistical analysis was carried out using the Kraskell-Wallis and Mann-Whitney methods.
The results of the study. In men, there is a decrease in the frontal size of the gland with age. As women age, there is a decrease in all linear sizes and volume of the gland. In the general group, there is a significant decrease in sagittal and vertical dimensions in elderly and senile patients in relation to young patients, as well as frontal size in the senile group compared with middle-aged people.
Conclusions. Involutive changes of the parotid gland are characterized by a decrease in the linear size and volume of the gland.

The aim is to investigate the effect of morpholinium salt of thiazotic acid on the structure and function of the thyroid and adrenal glands in white male laboratory rats of the reproductive age.
Material and methods. The material for the study was the thyroid and adrenal glands of rats, which were intraperitoneally injected with morpholinium salt of thiazotic acid at a dose of 117,4 mg/kg for 60 days. The comparison group included rats that received an equivalent volume of saline solution. A complex of morphological, laboratory and statistical methods was used.
Results. The administration of morpholinium salt of thiazotic acid affects the structure and function of the peripheral endocrine glands, which manifests itself in a statistically significant decrease in thyroid mass by 15,40% and an increase in the mass and volume of the right adrenal gland by 9,43% and 13,27%, and the left by 12,78% and 14,98%. Macroscopic changes are confirmed by pronounced shifts in histomorphometric parameters: a decrease in the number of thyrocytes by 12,94%, the diameter of follicles by 13,49%, the colloid accumulation index by 26,93% and an increase in the height of thyrocytes by 17,18%, the cortical index by 3,12%, the width of the cortical bundle zone by 10,19%, the number of adrenocorticocytes of the bundle zone by 6,14%. The level of triiodothyronine increases by 18,79%, and cortisol by 16,71%.
Conclusion. Мorpholinium salt of thiazotic acid preserves the structural organization of thyrocytes and adrenocorticocytes by stimulating their synthetic activity.

The main target during forced physical exercise is the muscular system. Allogeneic biomaterial (BMA) has not been previously used to correct pathological changes in muscles, and the method of its administration has not been substantiated.
The aim of the study was to determine the pathomorphological features of skeletal muscle tissue after physical exercise and the use of BMA with intramuscular, acupuncture and combined administrations.
Material and methods. Male Wistar rats (n=60) were subjected to forced swimming with a load of 10% of their body weight for 30 days. Then, in Group I (experimental), BMA suspension was administered intramuscularly. In Group II (experimental), BMA was administered using acupuncture into biologically active points. In Group III (experimental), BMA suspension was administered both intramuscularly and using acupuncture. Physiological solution was administered according to a similar scheme in control groups. After 5 and 21 days, tolerance load testing, histological examination, and morphometric analysis were performed.
Results. Long-term swimming with weights leads to overcontraction, necrosis, and fibrosis of muscle fibers. After the use of BMA, signs of rhabdomyogenesis, angiogenesis, and increased tolerance load were determined. The most pronounced effect was observed in Groups I and III.
Conclusion. BMA promotes muscle fiber restoration and early rehabilitation when administered intramuscularly.

The aim ofоuman heart by virtually testing their digital models based on the results of morphometry.
Material and methods. Using the ANSYS and Vasculograph computer programs, the conductive, distributive and supporting functions of digital models of bifurcations of the intraorganic arterial bed of different types were studied: the first, the value of the internal diameter of the proximal segment (D) is less than the sum of the internal diameters of the distal segments (dmax and dmin), D < dmax + dmin; zero, D = dmax + dmin; the second, D > dmax + dmin. Digital models of bifurcations of different types were constructed on the basis of a previously conducted morphometric study of corrosion preparations of the bed of the intraorganic coronary arteries of the heart.
Results. In the course of a virtual study of the functional features of digital models of different types of bifurcations of the intraorganic arterial bed of the heart, it was found that different types of bifurcations participate to an unequal extent in the performance of conductive, distributive and supporting functions; the main role in the performance of these functions belongs to bifurcations of the 1st type, in which the value of the internal diameter of the proximal segment (D) is less than the sum of the internal diameters of the distal segments (dmax and dmin), D<dmax+dmin.
Conclusion. As a morphometric standard of the normal structure of the intraorganic arterial bed of the heart, it is possible to use the quantitative ratio of bifurcations of different types.

The article presents the results of a marketing study of the Russian market for triptans used for migraines during 2019-2023.
The purpose of this work was to study the Russian market of selective agonists of serotonin 5HT1 receptors, assessing its dynamics and import dependence.
Material and methods. Systemic analysis based on specialized literature sources, economic and statistical analysis of the DSM Group drug sales database.
Results. The authors analyzed volume and dynamics of sales of triptans in rubles and packages, dynamics of changes in company shares on the market of anti-migraine drugs, identified market-leading manufacturing companies and trade names of drugs and determined reasons for the import dependence of the Russian market of anti-migraine drugs.
Conclusion. As a result of the systemic analysis, the authors concluded that there was high sales volume of triptans for the reviewed time, and active replacement of imported drugs with domestic ones. The study demonstrated that the pharmaceutical industry pays great attention to the increase of production capacity for manufacturing substances in order to expand the range of production of anti-migraine drugs and implement the policy of Russian independence from the supply of foreign drugs.

Information support in pharmacies improves the quality of pharmaceutical care, including for older consumers.
The purpose of this work was to study the features of information support for older consumers.
Material and methods. The study was conducted in pharmacies in Moscow and Tula. The study used the results of 424 questionnaires of older consumers (210 were interviewed in Moscow pharmacies and 214 in Tula pharmacies). Methods: content analysis, comparison method, graphic, statistical, sociological.
Results. The study examined the main reasons for choosing a pharmacy and determined the criteria for pharmaceutical consulting and information according to the degree of importance for older consumers. Most respondents choose a pharmacy because of its convenient location, but respondents in the 60-73 age groups choose those pharmacies where they received professional advice. When studying the information support of this category of consumers, the main reasons for satisfaction (selection of a more effective and cheaper drug, saving time compared to visiting a polyclinic) and dissatisfaction with this service (lack of knowledge of the assortment, incompetence, lack of trust in the information provided to the consumer) were studied. Positive and negative aspects of pharmaceutical consulting and information were also identified. Based on the results of the study, a comparative table of criteria for pharmaceutical consulting and informing of older consumers was constructed. The final result of the study was the developed consumer information leaflet for the drug «Motherwort Tincture», which was adopted for the older consumer, containing basic information on the drug, taking into account the socio-psychological characteristics of this category of consumers.
Conclusions. The obtained results of the study can be implemented in pharmacy practice and will help to improve the quality of pharmaceutical care to older consumers.

The state policy of pricing for medicines in the Kyrgyz Republic is crucial to ensure public access to pharmacotherapy. This affects the cost of medicines, making them more acceptable to those who need them.
Purpose of the work. To study the specificity of drug pricing in the Kyrgyz Republic.
Material and methods. The work uses data from the official websites of the healthcare systems and the Ministry of Justice of the Kyrgyz Republic, using methods: logical, analytical, statistical, content analysis, graphic.
Results. The paper presents the mechanisms and key factors of drug price formation in the Kyrgyz Republic, as well as the features of state control over compliance with pricing. A regressive scale of margins, marginal wholesale and retail prices depending on the base price per unit of goods is shown. A pricing procedure has been developed in the Kyrgyz Republic, which includes 6 stages. The positive and negative sides of drug pricing regulation have been identified. It is revealed that pricing in the Kyrgyz Republic is determined by multiple factors, including government regulation, market mechanisms, inflation, competition, social factors, customs duties and taxes, as well as currency fluctuations.

The aim of the study was to compare the thickness of different parts of the meniscus of the right and left knee joints.
Material and methods. Thirty 3D models of meniscus from amputated lower limbs of elderly individuals were analyzed. Menisci without visual damage were included in the study. Morphometric parameters were determined on a 3D model of meniscus obtained by scanning on a 3D scanner (RangeVision Spectrum, Russia) with subsequent measurement of the thickness of the body and horns along the outer contour of the meniscus in Blender 4.3. Statistical processing was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 22.
Results. Linear dimensions of the lateral and medial meniscus of both knee joints were obtained. Comparison of the thickness values of the same parts of the lateral and medial meniscus within each knee joint, as well as with the same meniscus of the contralateral sides, did not reveal statistically significant differences (p> 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between the posterior horn and the body of the meniscus (p=0.006) in favor of the posterior horn when comparing the thickness of the medial meniscus of the left knee joint.
Conclusions. The data we obtained indicate heterogeneity in the thickness of both the medial and lateral meniscus along the outer contour in all its parts.

Postcoital cystitis is a common form of urinary tract infection that occurs in women after sexual intercourse. This review article is aimed at analyzing the etiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of postcoital cystitis.
The article systematizes the data of modern scientific research on the etiology of postcoital cystitis, the prevalence of the disease, modern methods of diagnosis, treatment and prevention, including the use of antibacterial therapy, probiotics and hormonal drugs. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between postcoital cystitis and bacterial vaginosis.
The main causative agents of postcoital cystitis are Escherichia coli and other bacteria that enter the urinary tract during sexual intercourse. Bacterial vaginosis significantly increases the risk of recurrent cystitis, as it disrupts the microbial balance in the vagina, weakening the natural defense mechanisms. Modern treatment methods include antibacterial therapy, hormonal therapy and the use of probiotics. Preventive measures such as urinating after intercourse, maintaining hygiene and using alternative methods of contraception reduce the frequency of relapses. Postcoital cystitis and bacterial vaginosis are closely related, which requires a comprehensive approach to treatment and prevention. Vaccination and alternative antibacterial drugs also represent promising areas for preventing relapses.

Overlapping surgery is an approach to performing surgical interventions when the primary surgeon is involved in several operations with overlapping time, or the operating surgeon is changed during a simultaneous operation. This approach is practically not covered in the Russian scientific literature.
This article presents an overview of the features of the application of the overlapping surgery principle, and an assessment of the prospects for implementing this approach in simultaneous operations on the genitourinary system.
The main goal of overlapping is to improve the efficiency of surgeons and reduce patient waiting time. This practice is especially relevant in large medical centers and for complex surgical interventions.
The benefits include an increase in the number of operations, training of junior surgeons, and optimization of the use of surgical resources. However, there are risks associated with patient safety if the surgeon does not have time to respond to complications in time. It is important that patients are informed about this organization of operations and give their consent.

This review presents literature data on the biological effects of osteopontin (OP) as a marker reflecting the severity of the immune- inflammatory syndrome and the severity of various pathologies.
Purpose of work. To analyze the biological effects and clinical and pathogenetic significance of osteopontin in somatic and infectious diseases according to literature data.
Material and methods. A search of literature sources was conducted in the PubMed, elibrary, cyberleninka databases in order to analyze the clinical and pathogenetic significance of osteopontin in various pathologies.
Results. It follows from the literature data that osteopontin is a glycophosphoprotein that is produced by various types of cells and plays an important functional role in many biological processes in somatic and infectious diseases. An increase in the level of osteopontin in the blood at the early stages of non-infectious and infectious pathology was revealed. In the inflammatory process, osteopontin and its fragments participate in the coordination of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory reactions, influencing the secretion of interleukins 10, 12, 3, neutrophil chemotaxis, proliferation of macrophages, T-cells. It has been established that OP secreted by damaged renal tubular epithelium has a destructive effect on the alveolar epithelium during the development of renopulmonary syndrome.
Conclusion. Osteopontin may become a biomarker for early diagnosis and assessment of the severity of somatic and infectious diseases and interorgan interactions.

Tissue and organ deficiency is a serious medical problem. Three-dimensional bioprinting is actively developing at present and is a multidisciplinary technology for designing of three-dimensional biological tissues with complex architecture and composition. This technology is promising due to the precise application of patient or donor cells in gels that act as scaffold matrices, which allows creating individual tissue-engineered constructs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The emergence of in-situ bioprinting technology is very attractive for use in clinical practice. For example, this technology is direct printing at the site of a defect, which significantly increases the possibilities of its use for regenerative medicine.
Aim of this review is to comparatively analyze the main types of 3D bioprinting strategies. The analysis of publications and research studies over the past 20 years in the public database has been performed. Results: the main types of bioprinting, their advantages and disadvantages, the possibilities of their application for the creation of tissue-engineered constructs for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are presented.

The article discusses modern approaches to the study of the microbiota of the eye surface, considering the disadvantages of traditional cultivation methods in identifying the full composition of microorganisms.
Studies show that traditional cultivation methods cannot identify all types of microorganisms, as many of them require specific conditions for growth or are uncultivated. In recent years, thanks to the use of genetic methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, a more complete understanding of the composition of the microbiota of the ocular surface has become possible. These modern methods have made it possible to identify a variety of bacteria, such as Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and others, in the normal microbiota of the conjunctiva.

The review summarizes the information of the last three decades on the state of the redox system and markers of oxidative homeostasis of the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber of the eye in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). It is known, that the imbalance of the redox status with the formation of oxidative stress can cause the development of many eye diseases, including POAG. At the same time, highly informative biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of glaucoma have not been established at present. It is unlikely that one biomarker will be able to help in detecting glaucoma. The etiologic and pathogenetic heterogeneity of the disease will likely require the study of a number of different markers of oxidative stress for early detection and prognosis of POAG. This review presents the most informative biomarkers of oxidative stress in the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber of the eye in the context of the pathophysiology of the disease. It is expected that some of them will be useful for clinical diagnostics and monitoring of clinical responses to standard and experimental treatments.