This paper views the data on mortality from external causes in the Republic of Bashkortostan compared with the corresponding indicators for the Volga Federal District (PFD) and the Russian Federation (RF) as an indicator of the socio-psychological well- being of the population. The analysis was carried out by the method of descriptive statistics of mortality rates from external causes in the Republic of Bashkortostan compared with similar indicators for the Russian Federation and the Volga Federal District for the period of 2013-2017. It showed a decrease in mortality from external causes, both for the Russian Federation as a whole, and for the Volga Federal District and the Republic of Bashkortostan in particular.The conducted quantitative assessment of suicide mortality has made it possible to characterize the current situation as stable,which indicates the necessity to develop the system of preventive measures under national program “Maintenance of public security in the Republic of

The aim of the study was to clarify the role of low and medium molecular weight substances (L and MMWS) and other endogenous toxins in pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS).The results are based on data from a prospective study of 124 patients with HFRS. We determined the levels of L and MMWS in plasma, erythrocytes and urine using M.Ya Malakhova method, values of osmolarity of blood serum and urine using cryoscopicmethod.Highest level of L and MMWS in plasma was in the height of the disease for mild condition of 14.9±0,53 c.u., moderate condition of 29.3±3,50 c.u., severe condition 46,6±4,70 c.u. and in erythrocytes during the period of polyuria at the mild condition of 21.2±0,70 c.u., moderate condition of 29.2±1,02 c.u., severe condition 35,6±1,71c.u.The investigation revealed a direct correlation of medium strength level of L and MMWS plasma with values of intestinal toxins, hematological indices of intoxication, nitogen metabolites. L and MMWS in the blood possess osmotic activity, participate in the development of toxicity in HFRS and determine the severity of the disease.

The course of an acute surgical pathology at patients with HIV infection is much severe because of an immunodeficiency, the opportunistic and accompanying infections, especially at generalization of a coinfection and neoplastic processes.Research objective is identification of major pathophysiological factors influencing the results of treatment of purulent-septicstates at HIV-positive patients and searching of paths of their improvement.The research resulted in determination of decisive influence on the severity of the course of purulent - septic abdominal diseases at HIV - infected patients of such factors as the initial background including the disease duration, the HIV infection stage, effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART), existence of comorbid pathology. Pyoinflammatory lesions of soft tissues at HIV infection differ in poorly expressed signs of local inflammation, therefore, it is necessary to enhance diagnostic tests with ultrasonography for specification of extensiveness and depth of lesion. Timely starting antibacterial therapy is extremely important for arresting pyoinflammatory process. At the same time it is necessary to consider nearly in all cases existence of mixed microflora.Early diagnosis of HIV infection which is systematically carried out by ART, adequate opening and a drainage of suppurativefocuses, usage of mini-invasive technologies, targent antibacterial therapy allow to improve the results of treatment of this category of patients.

Objective was to study the functional state of the endothelium in women with metabolic syndrome (MS) and arterial hypertension (AH), to establish the relationship between the distribution of genotypes and alleles of gene polymorphism with endothelial dysfunction.The study included 126 women with arterial hypertension, of them 104 had MS and 22 only AH. MS was established by NCEP-ATP III (2004) criteria, the leading one being abdominal obesity. Endothelial function was studied by determining molecules of intercellular adhesion (VCAM-1, ICAM-2, sP-selectin), endothelin-1, vasculoendothelial factor VEGF, von Willebrand factor, platelet adhesion. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to study the polymorphism of the SELP gene and the VEGF gene. In women with metabolic syndrome and AH signs of endothelial damage were revealed, accompanied by an increase in the adhesion molecules VCAM-1 and sP-selectin, a growth factor of VEG and endothelin-1. Gene polymorphism of SELP adhesion molecule and VEGF factor, established in patients with AH, is associated with the indices of immune inflammation against MS.

One of the leading causes of acute impairment of cerebral circulation (AICC) by the ischemic type are hemodynamically significant stenoses of brachiocephalic arteries (BCA). We evaluated the arterial blood flow of the carotid and vertebrobasilar basins of 35 patients with hemodynamically significant (from 70 to 90%) unilateral stenosis of the internal carotid artery or carotid bifurcation with transition to the internal carotid artery. The purpose of our study was to analyze the dynamics of blood flow velocity at the extracranial and intracranial levels as a result of carotid endarterectomy (CEAE). It has been established that the normalization of blood flow velocity on the side of the lesion occurs not only in the stenosis zone, but also in other arteries of the carotid and vertebrobasilar basins, which may also serve as one of the criteria for a successful operation. Thus, CEAE not only leads to prevention of AICC by the ischemic type, but also to improvement and return to normal values of arterial blood flow velocity at extra- and intra- cranial levels.

According to the literature, the death rate from cardiovascular diseases among men exceeds that of women by 4.7 times, from coronary heart disease (CHD) - by 7.2, from myocardial infarction - by 9.1 and from cerebrovasular diseases - by 3.4 times. Recent studies have established a tendency to reduce the frequency of deaths due to acute myocardial infarction, which is associated with the widespread use of reperfusion therapy, primary percutaneous coronary intervention, antithrombotic therapy and secondary prevention methods. We identified correlation between the indicators of instrumental studies and the complications of percutaneous coronary intervention. The study included 4028 patients with acute coronary syndrome, being on inpatient treatment at the State Regional Clinical Hospital of the Republican Cardiological Centre of Ufa in the period from 2003 to 2015. All of them underwent emergent percutaneous coronary intervention. The analysis of the obtained data showed that the most significant predictors of intraoperative complications are: ejection fraction, terminal diastolic volume, aortic diameter, final systolic size of the left ventricle. Correlations between the risk of intraoperative complications and echocardiography were also revealed.

This study aimed to evaluate rehabilitation potential of children with ceptal congenital heart disease (after radical correction at an early age) in the long-term under sanatorium conditions. The investigation included 35 children admitted for treatment to the department of medical rehabilitation. The average age was 8,6±3,2 years.Rehabilitation potential in children with septal congenital heart defects (after radical correction at an early age) in the long-termperiod under sanatorium conditions was determined by: the level of the double product at rest, vital capacity of the lungs, the presence of vegetative status deviations (according to the clinoortostatic test), reaction of cardiovascular system tor physical exertion, levels of attention and anxiety. Directed rehabilitation measures allowed to achieve good results of restorative treatment.After the treatment, a reduction in complaints and improvement in well-being was noted in all children (p <0.001). The study of the vital capacity of the lungs showed that it had increased from 1200ml at the admission to the department to 1400ml after the treatment (p <0.001). The sample with DPS was evaluated in dynamics. It was established that the heart rate in the first minute of the recovery period was significantly lower than for the treatment (p <0.001) and was 115 bpm. The SBP in response to the load increased in comparison with the initial data of 99 mm Hg and was 102 mm Hg (p = 0.002). The study of the mental aspects of children's health showed the presence of changes in both cognitive and emotional spheres. Under the influence of rehabilitation treatment there was a significant improvement in the level of attention (p = 0.0030) and a decrease in anxiety (p <0.001).

Acute gastroduodenal ulcer bleeding is the most serious complication of gastric and duodenal ulcer. The article presents the analysis of the results of examination and treatment of 132 patients with gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the proposed treatments 2 groups of patients were allocated: in the basic group, the complex treatment and prevention of relapse of ulcer bleeding was conducted by a combination of injectable forms of antisecretory drugs with endoscopic photodynamic therapy. Patients of the control group underwent conventional treatment, including endoscopic hemostasis, the use of oral antisecretory drugs and H. pylori therapy. Endoscopic photodynamic therapy applied photosensitizer of the second generation "Photoditazine". In the control group, the treatment was carried out by traditional means, which included endoscopic hemostasis and the use of oral antisecretory drugs. The results indicate the reduction in the number of exacerbations and recurrent bleeding in the main group of patients treated with antiulcer treatment using photodynamic therapy.

The article describes the possibility of application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of patients with purulent wounds resulting from inflammatory diseases of soft tissues, postoperative purulent wounds in outpatient conditions. 2 groups of patients were selected. Patients of the main group underwent comprehensive treatment using active surgical tactics in combination with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, as well as local treatment with dressings on a gel base. In the comparison group - surgical and local treatment combined with application of traditional medicines (broad-spectrum antibiotics, water-soluble ointments, antiseptic solutions, bandages).The study shows that the complex treatment of wounds using the proposed methods allows to reduce the time the wound cleans-ing from pus, subsiding phenomena of perifocal inflammation, to accelerate epithelialization and wound healing. The application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy has a significant antimicrobial effect and causes a progressive reduction of bacterial contamination in the wound.

The urgency of the problem of hypothermia is due to its high proportion in the structure of causes of death. According to the State Border Guard Service of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Bashkortostan, for 2015-2017 the percentage of death from hypothermia reaches 5-6% of the total number of deaths. The article is based on the results of a sectional, histological and statistical study of 55 corpses of persons who died from acute hypothermia (general hypothermia) and 22 from acute poisoning with ethyl alcohol. The problem of forensic diagnosis of death from cold trauma requires a comparative study of the corpses of persons who died from various causes and found in low-temperature conditions. The authors suggest a set of characteristics that statistically reliably allow differentiating these causes of death: signs of slow death, severity of cadaver autolysis and desquamative processes, initial signs of respiratory distress syndrome, peculiarities of acute circulatory disturbance, the nature and severity of acute damage to cardiomyocytes and neurons, the spectrum of background chronic diseases and manifestations of chronic stress.The result of our study was the identification of a number of new signs of death from hypothermia, the definition of their diagnostic value.

The problem of differential diagnosis of death from hypothermia is rather urgent due to the fact that in forensic practice deaths in low temperature conditions can be either from hypothermia or from other causes, such as sudden heart disease. The article is based on the results of a sectional, histological and statistical studies of 55 corpses of people who have died from acute hypothermia (general hypothermia) and 14 died from sudden heart disease, (5 of them from ischemic heart disease, 9 from alcoholic cardiomyopathy). Pathomorphological picture of the cardiovascular system during hypothermia is described, but diagnostic and differential diagnostic value of its elements as well as their relationship with the variants of tanatogenesis is unclear.The authors propose a set of characteristics, statistically allowing to differentiate these causes of death: signs, characterizing therate of dying, early signs of respiratory distress-syndrome, features of acute circulatory disorders, the character and severity of acute damage to cardiomyocytes and neurons, the spectrum of the background chronic diseases and manifestations of chronic stress. Initial manifestations of respiratory distress syndrome in hypothrmia and their diagnostic significance are being described for the first time. In addition, the article presents explanations and proofs of pathogenesis and diagnostic value of signs described in the literature previously.The result of our study was the identification of several new signs of death characteristic of sudden heart disease and hypother-mia, as well as the determination of their diagnostic significance.

Search of new psychotropic drugs is one of relevant problems of pharmacology. Works of domestic and foreign authors indicate the presence of psychotropic activity in xanthine derivatives. Screening of psychotropic drugs is carried out by studying their influence on behavior of experimental animals. The purpose of the research was studying of action of new thietan-containing xanthine derivatives on individual behavior of white outbred mice in the "open field" test. 25 newly synthesized compounds were investigated. Single injection of substances were made intraperitoneally in two doses (1/10 and 1/100 from molecular weight).It is established that new derivatives of thietanylxanthine change the behavior of animals in the "open field" test. The nature of action depends on chemical structure of the compound. The substances F-34, F-61, F-86, F-102, IA-4, UM-23, F-101, F-147, F-159 have sedative, F-30 - activating and antianxiety, F-45, F-102, F-106 and F-164 - antianxiety action on white outbred mice.

The article presents the results of the study of the antidepressant effect of one of the new derivatives of thitanylxanthine - 3- methyl-7- (1,1-dioxothetanyl-3) -8-cyclohexylamino-1-ethylxanthinea at chronic administration (laboratory code F-102). The experiments were performed on white outbred mice. Compound F-102 was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 1.6 mg / kg once daily for 14 days. The study used TST ("tail suspension test"), FST ("forced swim test") and "open field" tests.It has been established that F-102, when administered chronically, has an antidepressant effect on white outbred mice. In the FST test, F-102 reduces the significant index of antidepressant action - depressive index (ID) by 39% compared to the control. According to this indicator, compound F-102 is not inferior to the drug of comparison fluoxetine. In the TST test, F-102 does not cause statistically significant changes. In the "open field" test, the influence of F-102 on the patterns of individual behavior was not revealed, which indicates that there is no psychostimulating or psychosedative effect of the new thienylxanthine derivative.

2-[3-methyl-7-(1-oxothietanyl-3)-1-ethylxanthinyl-8-thio]acetic acid was synthesized with 76% yields by reaction of 8-bromo- 3-methyl-7-(1-oxothietanyl-3)-1-ethylxanthine with the thioglycolic acid. The salts of 2-[3-methyl-7-(1-oxothietanyl-3) )-1- ethylxanthinyl-8-thio]acetic acid were obtained with 70 - 95% yield by interaction of the synthesized acid with the different bases. The structure of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by IR, NMR spectroscopy. We have carried out a screening of impact of firstly sythesized derivatives and medically applied therapeutic agents on the hemostasis system under conditions in vitro with donated human blood. ADP- and collagen-induced platelet aggregations were registered. We evaluated the general nature of the aggregation, the maximum aggregate, maximum aggregation rate, the average size of platelet aggregates. The study of new compounds and comparative medicines was made with concentration of 2×10-3 mol/L. It shows differences in impact of the compounds on hemostatic system. It was established that most synthesized compounds exhibit potentially high antiaggregation activity. At collagen-induced aggregation, all studied compounds showed antiaggregation activity, but neither aspirin nor pentoxifylline showed activity in these conditions. The findings prove that it is neccessary and up-to-date to continue research of this set of derivatives influencing the hemostasis system as potential antiplatelets and haemostatic agents.

Currently, the study of promising species of medicinal plants with the aim of expanding the range of domestic remedies is an important direction of modern pharmacy. Among the promising medicinal plants, as source of furocoumarins, are the plants of the genus Pastinaca of the family Apiaceae or Umbelliferae. Pharmacological action of medicinal plants is due not only to organic but also inorganic substances.The aim of the study was to investigate the elemental composition of the fruits of Pastinaca sativa by the method of direct x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). The object of research was extruded in the form of tablets of 1 g of finely ground (less than 100 microns) material on a substrate of boric acid. Analytical lines of the elements were measured in the x-ray spectrometer S4 Pioneer (Bruker, Germany).Fruits of the Pastinaca sativa has high content of potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, silicon, referring to essential elements, as well as of minerals, such as manganese, copper, chromium, zinc and iron, necessary for the treatment of microelementoses.

The article comparatively characterizes pathogenic factors, particularly the adhesive, hemolytic and lecithinase activity of potentially pathogenic members of the family Pasteurellaceae and Porphyromonadaceae, and, namely Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P. gingivalis ), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ( A. actinomycetemcomitans ) and their co-cultivated variations, which are one of the dominant pathogens that cause specific parodontitis in humans. Material for our study included 134 strains of potentially pathogenic microorganisms isolated from 540 patients with infectious parodontal disease: 32 strains of the bacteria P. gingivalis , 82 strains of the bacteria A. actinomycetemcomitans , 32 co-cultivated variations of P. gingivalis + A. actinomycetemcomitans , as well as 10 strains of each microorganism isolated from apparently healthy people.The study established that co-cultivated variations of P. gingivalis + A. actinomycetemcomitans more frequently possess pathogenic factors than their monocultures that must be considered when assessing the etiologic significance of these bacteria isolated in form of associations during infectious processes of the oral cavity. The results show that the interaction between microorganisms of the same biotope is used as a tool for solving applied tasks of medicine and microbiology.

Unformed duodenal and high intestinal fistulas are a severe complication of various diseases and injuries of abdominal organs. Total mortality rate in case of external intestinal fistulas reaches 16.5 - 57.5%, in case of formed intestinal fistulas it is 4%, unformed - 71.7%.This article describes the experiment to determine the effectiveness of various methods for eliminating unformed duodenal and high intestinal fistulas in an animal experiment. In the study, rabbits of the Shinshilla breed were used, which were divided into 3 groups according to the method for eliminating the artificially imposed duodenal fistula: suturing by applying an intestinal Albert-Schmiden-Lambert suture without strengthening the suture line, suturing with strengthening the intestinal suture with biological surgical glue or strengthening with pig pigmented collagen. The effectiveness of the suture was determined by pneumocompression of the sites of the intestinal canal, as well as morphological examination of the edges of the surgical wound. The results of the experiment showed that the use of permanent collagen gives more advantages in eliminating a duodenal fistula defect.

Squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue belongs to highly invasive malignancies of head and neck area. The natural isoquinoline alkaloid berberine has demonstrated anti-tumor potential in various cancer types. This research was aimed to study in vitro effects of berberine in squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue. Berberine reduced the proliferation of CAL-27 cells in a dosedependent manner (IC50 = 36μM). Furthermore, berberine strongly inhibited invasion of squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue cells (EC50 = 0,9μM). Anti-proliferative and anti-invasive actions displayed by berberine in CAL-27 cell line suggest the in vitro anticancer efficacy of the natural isoquinoline alkaloid.

An analysis of the destructive effect of ultrasound on the fat tissue of various organs, depending on the exposure time has been made. In the course of the study, quantitative data were obtained showing the rates of destruction of various types of tissues under the influence of ultrasound. Samples of the human tissues (post mortem cadaver) were used for the study: adipose tissues of natal, retroperitoneal, anterior abdominal wall, mesentery of the colon, large omentum and specimens of laboratory animals (cadaver from five adult laboratory rats). As a result of the study, the time of destruction of 1 g of each tissue type was determined. Differences in the rate of destruction of one tissue type (adipose tissue) from different areas of the body were revealed, which indicates differences in the qualitative composition of the components of this tissue, as well as its microarchitectonics. The character of the effect of dissection ultrasound on various tissues histologically under the microscopy of the material was analyzed. It was established, that parenchymal organs are destroyed more easily, but vessls of these organs are preserved.

Despite of the large cases of scientific studies devoted to the treatment of hypospadias, the problem of correcting this defect is still actual. There are many problematic issues, connected with the choice of method and material for urethroplasty. Depending on the form of the defect more than three hundred different operations have been proposed, however, there is a significant number of complications and failures. Most complications of the long-term period are connected with the development of external fistula of the urethra, less commonly urethral stricture as a result of fistula formation. Intention to reduce the number of post-operational complications still makes the specialists to seek for more advanced methods for this defect correction and post-operational management.The article presents a description of a clinical case of substitution urethroplasty during two-stage surgery - forming a new urethral bed from a buccal mucosa (Brack method) and tubularization of urethral bed.

Hepatitis A is an acute viral disease with fecal-oral mechanism of agent transmission, which is characterized by cyclic benign course and primary liver involvement. It is well known that in majority of cases hepatitis A is characterized by benign course without complications and by favorable prognosis. According to literature data kidney injury during this disease is developed very rarely; the morphologic base of these disorders may be acute tubular necrosis, mesangial-proliferative glomerulonephritis, and interstitial nephritis.The article presents the case of severe viral hepatitis A with the development of AKIN stage 3 / RIFLE class F acute kidney injury, hepatic encephalopathy and acute respiratory distress syndrome. After active conservative treatment without hemodialysis the clinical improvement was registered.

In 20-30% of patients who undergo radiotherapy of the pelvic organs late radiation injury of rectum develops that can lead to a fistula formation. Effective treatment of radiation-induced rectovaginal fistula is a challenging problem. Temporary recovery can be achieved only in 35-65% of such patients and the relapse rate is about 80%.The paper presents a clinical case of recurrent postoperational colovaginal fistula of colo-anal anastomosis region. Based on our experience in treatment of external localization chronic radiation wounds, fat grafting and adipose-derived stromal-vascular fraction was offered as a salvage treatment of radiation-induced rectovaginal fistula. The assumed effect of the procedure is restoration of reparative regeneration of damaged tissues with subsequent fistula healing. As a result of two injections of 30 ml of refined lipoaspirate and stromal-vascular fraction into rectovaginal septum, complete healing of recurrent colovaginal fistula was accomplished in 10 months after treatment. Other methods were not used. Important observation was the absence of rectovaginal fistula relapse over 3-month period after restoration of natural defecation.

Bleeding from colon diverticula is the most common cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Most studies indicate an increased risk of bleeding in right-sided and total lesion of diverticulosis of the colon. In this report we describe two cases of bleeding from occasional diverticula of the sigmoid colon in elderly patients with severe comorbid status receiving anticoagulants and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The study evaluated the efficacy of hemostasis with plugging diverticula using hemostatic material "Surgicell Fibrillar" and preventive argonon - plasma coagulation of peridiverticular vessels. The most effective was an active tactics using primary endoscopic hemostasis with plugging diverticula using hemostatic material "Surgicell Fibrillar". The following preventive coagulation of peridiverticular vessels allowed to avoid recurrent diverticular bleeding, frequently requiring complex intensive therapy and possible surgery.

Since the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was diagnosed in 1981, the number of cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been continuously increasing around the world. In China, HIV/AIDS is spreading throughout the whole country in a surprising speed. Therefore, understanding HIV/AIDS as much as possible has been the responsibility for every health care worker in China. In the review, we present a HIV infected patient which was first diagnosed in ophthalmology. Brief introduction to the following topics will be given in this review, including the key ocular manifestations of the HIV infected patient, and the major procedures of HIV/AIDS in our clinical experiences. It is necessary to carry out the routine ophthalmologic screening for suspected AIDS patients and early diagnosis HIV related ophthalmology.

As a kind of zoonosis, thelaziasis is caused by Thelazia callipaeda , which is parasitic on lacrimal duct and conjunctival sac of humans, dogs, cats and other hosts. As its distribution is mainly in Asian countries, thelaziasis is also called the oriental eyeworm disease. Initial cases in humans were first noted in Beijing and Fujian in 1917[1]. In the past, thelaziasis got less focus on due to low incidence and narrow distribution. With constantly increasing reports and genetic researches these days, more and more understanding to this disease has been obtained and applied to clinical work. In order to share the experience of diagnosis and treatment of human ocular thelaziasis, we reported a case of human ocular thelaziasis and reviewed related literature.

Extension of research to find sources to produce new effective and safe drugs of plant origin is an urgent task. One of the perspective kinds of medicinal plants are leaves of peach. They are rich in plant substances of phenolic structure, which have antitumor, choleretic, capillary strengthening, antioxidant and immunomodulating action and are a promising raw material for the introduction into scientific medicine.The article presents the results of morphological-anatomical and phytochemical studies of leaves of peach. The study found significant diagnostic anatomical characteristics: paracytic type of stomatal apparatus, simple thick-walled one- and two-celled hairs, located at the edge of the leave and a simple single-celled thin-walled hairs along the veins of the lower side of the leave; druses and prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate.A qualitative chemical and chromatographic analysis of peach leaves has been carried out. The study discovered the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and coumarins.

Hernia of urinary bladder is a rather rare phenomenon in clinical practice. According to different authors, their frequency varies from 1.1 to 6.34%.The article describes a case of management of inguinal hernia, containing diverticulum of urinary bladder. Clinical diagnostics, performed in the preoperative period, supplemented by visualizing methods of diagnostics did not allow to identify the heart of the matter of pathological formations. And only diagnostic actions, executed during and after operations, made it possible to clarify the structure of the described process.

The aim of the study was the development of an effective method for the prevention of bacterial vaginosis recurrences based on an assessment of the restoration of the acid-producing function of the vaginal microflora using hardware topographic pH-metry. Women of the control group (n = 70) underwent standard prophylaxis including application of vaginal suppositories with lactic acid 100 mg twice a week for 6 months, patients of the main group (n = 66) - a preventive regimen including cyclic prescription of pre- and probiotics until the recovery of normal vaginal microbiota. Recurrence of bacterial vaginosis in women of the main group occurred in 18.6% of cases, in control - in 58.6%. Thus, the effectiveness of the proposed method for the prevention of bacterial vaginosis based on the restoration of pH values of the vagina within the range of the «spatial map of the vaginal pH in normocenosis» has been proved.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides, which play a key role in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene by binding to complementary sites in the 3 'untranslated region of the RNA messengers. In the last decade, their role in human diseases, from oncology to cardiovascular diseases, has been established by a lot of evidence. MicroRNAs are involved in the risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Hypertension and atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels are major factors for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage as high blood pressure and atherosclerosis may cause the formation of microaneurysms in small cerebral arteries and arterioles, and thus damaging the vascular wall, leading to hemorrhage. Unfortunately, the role of microRNA in the pathophysiology of intracerebral hemorrhage was the subject of more recent studies. Since studies of microRNAs in hemorrhagic stroke is still in its infancy, it is expected that in the next few years there will be a significant discovery that may have important perspectives in clinical work.

This review aimed to summarize the results of numerous research of biological activity and mechanism of action of endostatin. Endogenic inhibitors of angiogenesis is one of the main factors of prevention progression of transformation to clinically manifested stages of human cancers. The most potent native inhibitors of angiogenesis and tumor growth is endostatin - a 20- kD protein that is proteolytically released from his parent molecule, collagen XVIII. Endostatin specifically inhibits endothelial cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo and induces their apoptosis by inhibition of cyclin D1. On the surface of endothelial cells endostatin binds with integrin α5β1, which leads to activation of Src-dependent phosphorylation of p190RhoGAP with concomitant down-regulation of RhoA activity and suppression of the Ras- and Raf-dependent pathways. All this promotes disassembly of actin stress fibers, disruption of cell-matrix interactions, and inhibition of cell migration, in other words, suppresses angiogenesis. In vivo, endostatin displays a potent antitumor activity and inhibits growth and metastasis of more than 60 different tumors.Further research is needed to identify the efficacy of using of endostatin in tumors, particularly in colorectal cancer.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common oncological diseases in female cancers. Studies of the last decade showed that long non-coding RNAs, known as key regulators of the majority of intracellular processes, could be considered as promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of tumor progression. Researching the mechanisms of participation of long non-coding RNAs in the initiation and development of cancer, can broaden the understanding of the biological basis of neoplastic cell transformation, and will bring great opportunities for using long non-coding RNA in molecular diagnostics. In this review, we summarized the origin and overview function of long non-coding RNAs, cited known examples of involvement of long non-coding RNAs GAS5, HOTAIR, MALAT1 and CCAT2 in cervical carcinogenesis. In addition, further detection of new long non-coding RNAs was taken into consideration as an opportunity to supplement knowledge about the cervical carcinogenesis and to come closer to understanding the molecular mechanisms of the occurrence, development and evolution of this disease.

Nowadays myopia is one of the main reasons of vision impairment in the world. There is a continuous increase in the prevalence of this disease. At present, scientists do not agree on all aspects of the pathogenesis of myopia. However, it is generally accepted that the development of the disease is associated both with the impact of unfavorable external factors, and hereditary predisposition. Violation of the biomechanical properties of the sclera is considered one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of myopia. These disorders are associated with structural and biochemical changes in the sclera: a loose and orderless arrangement of collagen fibrils, their splitting into subunits, the collapse of proteoglycan complexes, reduced levels of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, stabilizing transverse sutures. Furthermore, myopic sclera differs from the normal in micronutrient composition and distribution. Experimental and clinical data point to a special role of the lack of stabilizing cross-links in the weakening of the scleral tissue in myopia, which confirms the necessity of studying the cross-linking of the sclera as a new pathogenetically oriented treatment of this disease.