Blepharitis is a common inflammatory eyelid disease, particularly in its chronic form, which is resistant to therapy.

The aim. To optimize the comprehensive treatment of blepharitis using photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Material and methods. The study involved 60 patients divided into control and main groups. The control group received standard therapy, including a 0.02% furacilin solution, warm compresses, and 1% tetracycline ointment. The main group, in addition to standard treatment, underwent photodynamic therapy.

Results and discussins. The combined use of photodynamic therapy accelerated inflammation resolution – by day 3 the index decreased by 2.72 times, and by day 7 inflammation was absent in all patients. Eyelid swelling and hyperemia resolved by days 3-4 (compared to 7 days in the control group). Pathogenic microflora was absent in 82.4% of patients by days 4-5 (compared to 7–8 days in the control group).

Conclusions. Photodynamic therapy effectively eliminates inflammation, improves the clinical picture in 82.4% of patients, and reduces treatment duration by 5-6 days.

Objective. To evaluate and compare the clinical and functional outcomes of traditional penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and PK using pre-punched (Pre-Punch) donor cornea in patients with stage III-IV keratoconus.

Material and Methods. The study included 43 patients (43 eyes) diagnosed with stage III–IV keratoconus. The main group consisted of 21 patients (21 eyes) after PK with Pre-Punch grafts. The control group included 22 patients (22 eyes) who underwent traditional PK. The evaluation included visual acuity, keratotopography, endothelial cell density, and postoperative complications at 6 and 12 months.

Results. At 12 months, the main group showed higher uncorrected (0,42±0,09) and best-corrected visual acuity (0,64±0,12) compared to the control group (p<0.05). The mean Kmax was 45,7±2,1 D in the main group versus 46,9±2,4 D (p<0.05) in control group. Endothelial cell density was higher in the Pre-Punch group (2300±120 cells/mm2 vs. 2150±130 cells/mm2, p<0.05). The incidence of immune rejection was lower in the main group (9,5% and 22,7%, p<0.05).

Conclusion. The use of Pre-Punch grafts in PK provides better functional outcomes, greater biomechanical stability, and a lower risk of complications compared to the traditional technique.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of xenotransplantation in surgical treatment of pterygium.

Material and methods. The study included 35 patients with grade II–V pterygium. All patients were operated on using a xenograft without suture fixation. The technique is simple to perform: the head and body of the pterygium were separated from the cornea, limbus, sclera, then strips of xenograft were placed in place of the excised body of the pterygium without suture fixation.

Results. Xenoplasty made it possible to optimize the operation and reduce the scope of surgical intervention. The use of xenograft in surgery of primary and recurrent pterygium grades II–V prevents relapse by creating a barrier for repeated pterygium growth.

Conclusion. Optical coherence tomography allows objective assessment of the cornea condition in the pre- and postoperative period.

Objective. To evaluate clinical effectiveness of the innovative device-based method for treating amblyopia in children using the «Occlu-pad» (Japan).

Material and methods. A total of 124 patients (178 eyes) diagnosed with refractive amblyopia were examined and treated. The patients were divided into two groups equal by sex, age, and clinical characteristics, depending on the treatment method. Group 1 included 68 patients (96 eyes) treated with the «Occlu-pad» device. Group 2 consisted of 56 patients (82 eyes) treated with the «Amblyotron» system.

Results. Both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvement in the maximum corrected visual acuity (MCVA). No significant differences in efficacy were found between the groups, indicating comparable effectiveness of the two treatment approaches. However, the «Occlu-pad» device was more convenient for younger children due to its gamified therapy format and the ability to easily monitor treatment compliance.

Conclusion. The «Occlu-pad» device-based method for treating refractive amblyopia in children shows clinical effectiveness comparable to the traditional «Amblyotron» system, while offering additional advantages in terms of comfort and usability.

Objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of using a combination of the latest generation of orthokeratological lenses (OKL) and physiotherapy treatment for uncomplicated, acquired, slowly progressive, moderate isometropic myopia without astigmatism in primary school children actively involved in sports.

Material and methods. The study included 28 children (56 eyes) diagnosed with uncomplicated, acquired, slowly progressive, moderate isometropic myopia. The full range of treatment included: standard spherical OKLs of the latest generation made of hexafocon with oxygen permeability dk – 100, drug therapy (2.5% phenylephrine hydrochloride solution at night, 1 drop in each eye for 2 weeks every 4 months), physiotherapy (low-intensity infrared laser stimulation of the ciliary muscle, electroophthalmomyostimulation and magnetic stimulation, which were carried out twice during 12 months according to the individual schedule of patients, the course duration was 10 days).

Results. The obtained results of the study indicate that statistically significant achievement of age norms for all studied indicators, except for visual acuity, was achieved among all participants in both the main and control groups at the end of the work (12 months). This result can be associated with the normalization of the accommodative-refractive apparatus of the eye in artificially created conditions of emmetropic refraction. However, it should be emphasized that the achievement of age norms after 6 months of the full treatment complex for all the studied indicators is observed precisely among the participants of the control group, although statistical reliability was achieved only for visual acuity and relative accommodation reserve.

Interface fluid syndrome is a rare complication of modern keratorefractive surgeries. Isolated cases of this syndrome after LASIK, SMILE, and keratoplasty surgeries have been reported in the literature. Features of the clinical picture may both lead to an underestimation of the intraocular pressure level and to mask diffuse lamellar keratitis. Long-term undiagnosed elevated intraocular pressure is a risk factor for glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

The article describes a clinical case of interface fluid syndrome after lenticular surgery by CLEAR technology. When complaints of decreased vision occur in patients after corneal refractive surgery, it is necessary to consider the possibility of occurrence of rare complications specific to this surgery at different times after the intervention, in particular interface fluid syndrome, which may lead to increased intraocular pressure or impaired corneal endothelial cell function.

Myopia (Nearsightedness) is one of the most common refractive errors, particularly among children and adolescents.

Objective. To investigate the effectiveness of orthokeratology lenses in patients with myopia and their impact on the precorneal tear film.

Material and methods. The study on the effectiveness of orthokeratology lenses was conducted on 32 patients with mild to moderate myopia.

Results and discussions. An evaluation of visual acuity after the first night of wearing orthokeratology lenses (OK-lenses) showed an average score of 0.65±0.2. After onemonth, visual acuity increased to 0.96±0.095, and after six months, it slightly decreased to 0.925±0.088. The reserve of relative accommodation (RRA) before correction was 2.6±1.4 diopters; after one month of wearing OK-lenses, the average RRA was 3.82±1.22 diopters, and after six months, it rose to 6.42±0.23 diopters. In the early stages, a reduction in Schirmer's and Norn's test values was observed. However, after six months, the indicators for all parameters increased, which may be attributed to adaptive changes on the corneal surface in response to wearing orthokeratology lenses.

Conclusions.The use of orthokeratology lenses (OK-lenses) demonstrates high effectiveness in correcting myopia and slowing its progression, particularly in children and adolescents.

The aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the technique of preventive pharmacologic needling in the area of previously performed glaucoma surgery after phacoemulsification of cataract (PEC).

Material and methods. The comparative study included patients who underwent PEC with glaucoma surgery in anamnesis, in the main group after PEC preventive pharmacologic needling was performed, in the control group standard postoperative treatment was performed. The effectiveness of the technique was evaluated by the duration of hypotensive success after PEC, the level of intraocular pressure (IOP) and the number of hypotensive drugs used. Safety was analyzed based on the comparison of maximum corrected visual acuity (MCVA) and the probability of complications.

Results. Follow-up showed that 26 (76%) patients in the main group maintained hypotensive success, compared to 19 (50%) patients in the control group (χ2 =4.972, p=0.026). IOP was lower in the main group than in the control group (p=0.045). MCVA and probability of complications did not differ in the studied groups.

Conclusion. The presented study confirms the clinical efficacy and safety of the technique of preventive pharmacologic needling after PEC in patients with operated glaucoma.

A hyperopic eye has a complex of unfavorable anatomical features which create a background for the development of angleclosure glaucoma (ACG) with a phacomorphic component after the onset of presbyopia.

The purpose of the work was to optimize approaches to the surgical treatment of patients with hyperopia and ACG with a phacomorphic component based on the analysis of the results of various tactics for the management of patients with this pathology.

Material and methods. 36 patients aged 46-73 years old with hyperopia and acute ACG attack were treated using different methods: laser iridectomy, cataract phacoemulsification (CPE) with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, CPE with IOL in combination with sinustrabeculectomy and iridocycloretraction. The tactics of patient management was chosen depending of the duration of intraocular pressure (IOP) decompensation, the presence of dystrophic changes in the structures of the anterior segment of the eye and the condition of the lens. F

Conclusions. CPE with IOL implantation is a pathogenetically substantiated operation in the presence of a phacomorphic component in IOP decompensation.    The necessity for additional interventions is determined individually after a comprehensive assessment of the ophthalmic status.

The increase in ophthalmotonus after anti-glaucoma surgeries is associated with excessive scarring in the surgical intervention area. Many factors contribute to this: young age of the patient, associated chronic diseases, long-term use of antiglaucoma drops and others.

This review presents analysis of the literature on the prevention of scarring of the filter area after antiglaucoma surgeries. Possible post-operative complications and methods of their prevention are described, methods of preventing excessive scarring, including antimetabolites and steroids are presented. The authors conclude that numerous studies in this field indicate that surgeons are dissatisfied with existing methods of preventing excessive scarring, and search for better methods is relevant and promising.

One of the rare intraoperative complications of cataract phacoemulsification is the fluid misdirection syndrome. It can occur at any stage of the operation and is expressed in shallowing of the anterior chamber, increased intraocular pressure in the absence of suprachoroidal effusion and hemorrhage. The pathogenesis of the syndrome is associated with the penetration of irrigation solution through the zonular fibers into the retrolental space and the anterior vitreous. The main ways to overcome this complication include interruption of surgery and continuation of it after self-treatment of the syndrome, aspiration of fluid from the vitreous body and irido-zonulo-hyaloido-vitrectomy.

The clinical case of a patient with bilateral acute syndrome of deviation of infusion flows was analyzed. The background for the development of the syndrome in both eyes was pseudoexfoliation syndrome. A two-stage operation was performed on the patient's right eye, which resulted in the implantation of an iridovitreal intraocular lens. An irido-zonulo-hyaloido-vitrectomy was performed on the left eye with the implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens into a capsular bag.

Effective measures for relieving the syndrome include working at lower «target intraocular pressure» values on the phacomachine and performing anterior irido-zonulo-hyaloido-vitrectomy, which allows for the «reconstruction» of the anterior chamber, returning it to its normal depth.

Purpose. To optimize constant «A» (SRK/T formula) for “Open bag” IOL «Torsion» depending on individual parameters of the anterior segment of the eye.

Material and methods. The personalized distance from the corneal surface to the posterior capsule of the lens (PCL) of the eye has been determined as the basis for optimization of constant «A». The postoperative position of the IOL has been analyzed and, taking into account the known value of the average constant «A», the optimized constant «A» has been calculated. A comparative analysis of the refractive error has been performed using the average and optimized constant «A».

Results. Optimized practical constants «A» for ultrasound and optical biometry have been calculated depending on individual eye parameters. A reduction in refractive error has been demonstrated during implantation of the “Torsion” IOL using the optimized constant «A».

Conclusions. Optimized constants «A» were determined for calculating the optical power of the “Torsion” IOL based on personalized values of preoperative values of the distance from the cornea to the posterior capsule of the lens.

The use of the optimized constant «A» allows to reduce the refractive error when calculating the “Open bag” Torsion IOL compared to the use of the average value of the constant «A» for the SRK/T formula.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement in different body positions as a diagnostic method for Grade I weakness of the zonular-capsular apparatus of the lens (ZCAL). 

Material and methods. The study included 34 patients (59 eyes) diagnosed with age-related cataracts. All patients underwent IOP measurement in sitting and supine positions using a Keeler Pulsair IntelliPuff non-contact pneumotonometer. A difference in IOP ≥ 4 mmHg between measurements was considered a diagnostic criterion for Grade I ZCAL weakness. Patients with detected ZCAL weakness underwent additional anterior segment OCT and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) examinations. 

Results. Grade I ZCAL weakness was identified in 17 patients (25 eyes). The average IOP difference in these patients was 5.7±1.2 mmHg (p<0.001), whereas in patients with normal lens stability, it was 1.7±0.8 mmHg. Additional diagnostic methods confirmed zonular instability in 84% of cases according to OCT and in 88% according to UBM. 

Conclusion. Comparative pneumotonometry is a simple, accessible, and informative method for diagnosing Grade I ZCAL weakness.

Objective. To assess the diagnostic efficacy of the digital retinal camera RetCam compared to traditional ophthalmoscopy in detecting small retinoblastomas (≤3 mm) in children.

Material and methods. The study included 44 children (88 eyes) aged 3 months to 5 years old who were diagnosed with small retinoblastomas. All patients underwent a two-stage ophthalmologic examination using indirect ophthalmoscopy and RetCam. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of the methods were evaluated.

Results. The RetCam method demonstrated higher sensitivity (95.5%) and specificity (92.1%) compared to ophthalmoscopy (81.8% and 85.2%, respectively). In 6 cases (13.6%), ophthalmoscopy failed to detect tumors, whereas RetCam successfully identified them. In 4 cases (9.1%), ophthalmoscopy produced false-positive results, which were corrected using RetCam. RetCam also provided detailed visualization of calcifications (18.2%) and hemorrhages (13.6%), allowing for more precise determination of tumor boundaries.

Conclusions. RetCam is a highly effective method for diagnosing small retinoblastomas in children, offering more accurate visualization of tumor foci compared to ophthalmoscopy. The use of RetCam increases the likelihood of early retinoblastoma detection, which plays a key role in treatment strategy selection and disease prognosis.

Objective. To study the prevalence and structure of visual field defects in patients with aggressive pituitary adenomas (APA) and determine their correlation with tumor size.

Material and methods. The study included 48 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of APA and 32 patients with pituitary macroadenomas without signs of aggressive progression (control group). All patients underwent neuroimaging studies (MRI) and computerized perimetry. The frequency and structure of visual field defects, as well as MD (Mean Deviation) and PSD (Pattern Standard Deviation) indicators, were analyzed.

Results. Abnormal visual fields were detected in 81.3% of patients with APA, compared to 40.6% in the control group (p<0.0003). The most common defect was bitemporal hemianopia (31.3% vs. 12.5%, p<0.05). Bilateral visual field defects were significantly more frequent in patients with APA (62.5% vs. 21.9%, p<0.0005). Patients with APA showed significantly greater changes on computerized perimetry: MD (-9.8±3.5 dB) and PSD (6.4±2.1 dB) compared to -3.3±1.8 dB and 2.5±1.3 dB in the control group (p<0.0001). The analysis revealed significant thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with APA particularly in the temporal and nasal sectors. The most pronounced changes were observed in the temporal sector (p<0.0001). A strong correlation was established between tumor volume and the degree of optic chiasm compression (r=-0.71, p<0.0001).

Conclusion. Patients with APA exhibit pronounced neuro-ophthalmological impairments, including bitemporal hemianopia, significant MD reduction, increased PSD, and thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL).

The paper presents the results of the clinical observation of a patient with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. The study also includes analysis of the scientific literature on this topic. The clinical picture of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is characterized by sudden loss of vision, edema and hyperemia of the optic disc, relative afferent pupil defect. However, in the practice of an ophthalmologist there may be other manifestations of this disease, which are described in the article during the analysis of a clinical case. In the clinical case presented in the article, non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy was characterized by long-term retention of high visual acuity even with the development of edema of the optic disc, followed by the development of a typical clinical picture.

Objective. To present a clinical case of retinal pigment epithelium hyperplasia (RPEH) in a patient with a history of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) of the colon.

Patient S., 75 yo, came to the clinic for a routine examination. No complaints regarding the organ of vision. OU: Vis=1.0 without correction; IOP is normal, perimetry, ultrasound examination of the eyeball are normal; initial opacities are present in the lens. Fundus examination: OU – the optic nerve head (ONH) is pale pink, the borders are clear, the macular area is normal, the vessels are unchanged. According to optical coherence tomography (OCT), no pathology of the vitreoretinal interface was detected in both eyes. OD – a hyperpigmented flat rounded formation measuring 2.0 optic disc diameters is visualized paramacularly in the superior temporal sector. The layers corresponding to the structural elements of the photoreceptors are blurred and locally destroyed above the described area. The inner layers of the neuroepithelium are somewhat deformed. The choriocapillary layer is thinned. No signs of prominence into the vitreous body were detected. The patient is registered with an oncologist with a diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis. Family history is burdened – the grandfather had colorectal carcinoma. Discussion. RPEH does not have a clinical picture and is often an accidental finding of an ophthalmologist.

Conclusions. This pathology is an early marker of familial adenomatous polyposis and requires careful differential diagnosis with other retinal diseases. Patients with RPEH require dynamic ophthalmological monitoring, since areas of epithelial hyperplasia may undergo pathological changes.

Several non-infectious posterior uveitis with similar clinical manifestations were grouped under the name «white dot syndromes» (WDS) more than fifty years ago and continue to be actively studied. On the one hand, today quite a lot is known about these diseases, and on the other hand, the expansion of diagnostic capabilities and the use of multimodal imaging have contributed to a significant transformation of ideas about WDS. According to current concepts, most WDS are primary choriocapillaritis, and the results of a number of studies demonstrate that each syndrome is a unique entity. At the same time, some authors believe that the term «white dot syndromes» has lost its relevance, and clinicians are discussing a revision of the WDS classification.

Malignant arterial hypertension (MAH) is a severe form of hypertension associated with significant target organ damage, including retinal involvement. Hypertensive retinopathy in MAH is characterized by optic disc edema, hemorrhages, exudates, and thrombotic microangiopathy. Modern diagnostic approaches enabling visualization of structural and vascular changes in the retina include ophthalmoscopy, fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography. Fluorescein angiography is used to assess perfusion abnormalities and vascular permeability. Electrophysiological methods, including visual evoked potentials, help to evaluate the functional state of the visual system. Early diagnosis of retinal lesions in MAH is crucial for the timely initiation of antihypertensive therapy and prevention of progressive visual impairment.

Purpose of the study was to investigate the anatomical outcomes of vitrectomy in patients with regmatogenic retinal detachment (RRD).

Material and methods. This retrospective study included 100 patients who underwent surgery for RRD at the Optimed Laser Vision Restoration Center in Ufa between 2020 and 2024. When evaluating the results, we considered the duration of the detachment and whether the macular region was affected by the disease.

Results. Primary planned anatomical success by 6 months of follow-up was achieved in 92% of cases. Overall anatomical success by 6 months of follow-up was 95% (95 cases).

Conclusions. The use of modern surgical technologies and adequate planning of surgical treatment allows achieving primary anatomical success in 92% of cases, and overall success in 95% of cases.

One of the challenges in vitrectomy surgery of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is the occurrence of iatrogenic retinal breaks, with reported frequencies ranging from 2% to 14%. This complication is attributed to traction resulting from non-linear aspiration flow in guillotine principle-based vitrectomy. Ultrasonic vitrectomy, based on the energetic fragmentation of the vitreous body, provides a 100% duty cycle of the instrument, thereby creating a more uniform aspiration flow.

The purpose. To study the frequency and causes of iatrogenic ruptures in surgery of regmatogenic retinal detachment by microinvasive ultrasonic and pneumatic vitrectomy 25G in a comparative aspect.

Material and methods. Patients were divided into the main group (n = 61, USVE operations) and the control group (n=73, PGVE operations). Endovitreal interventions were performed according to the standard technique using the «Optimed Profi» microsurgical system. Vitrectomy procedures were performed according to standard techniques using the «Optimed Profi» system.

Results. The frequency of iatrogenic retinal breaks in the main group was 3.28%, compared to 8.22% in the control group (p=0.23).

Conclusion. The obtained data indicate a trend toward a reduced risk of iatrogenic retinal breaks when using ultrasonic technology; however, further studies with an expanded sample size are required to confirm this advantage.

Over 500,000 cases of bladder cancer are reported annually. The gold standard for treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer is radical cystectomy (RC) with pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLAE), but the method has a high risk of complications. The robotassisted radical cystectomy (RARC), first performed in 2003, requires an assessment of long-term outcomes, including overall, tumor-specific, and disease-free survival.

Objective. To determine overall, tumor-specific, and disease-free survival after RARC with PLAE in patients with muscleinvasive bladder cancer.

Material and methods. The study included 200 patients (2018-2023) who were followed up for 36 months. The survival rate was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves, including stratification by pN status.

Results. After 36 months, overall survival was 48.25%, tumor-specific survival – 57.49%, disease-free survival – 61.89% (p=0.0031). In pN(+) patients, the indices were significantly lower (p<0.0001), which correlates with a higher pT stage.

Conclusion. RARC demonstrates satisfactory oncological efficacy. The main factors in reducing survival are lymph node damage and local tumor progression.

One of the main problems of oncourology is bladder cancer. The standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer is radical cystectomy with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Unfortunately, radical treatment methods have significantly reduced effectiveness in the long term period. For this reason, research in the field of predicting survival can significantly improve long-term cancer outcomes. The determination of the levels of tumor-associated macrophages is of considerable scientific and clinical interest.

Objective. To evaluate the impact of expression levels of tumor-associated macrophages (CD68 and CD163) on survival rates in patients diagnosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer after radical cystectomy.

Material and methods. The study was conducted at the Clinic of Bashkir State Medical University (Ufa, Russia) from May 1, 2021, to July 1, 2023. It included 66 patients with confirmed muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Following surgical treatment, histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine CD68 and CD163 expression levels. Survival analysis was conducted after 24 months, assessing overall survival (OS), tumor-specific survival (TSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) using Kaplan-Meier curves.

Results. The analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in survival rates in groups with high CD68 and CD163 expression (p < 0.05). A significant correlation was also observed between elevated CD68 and CD163 levels (p < 0.05).

Conclusion. CD68 and CD163 may serve as independent prognostic markers for survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer after radical cystectomy.